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Semiconductors conduct less than metal conductors but more than insulators. – Some common semiconductor materials are silicon (Si), germanium. (Ge), and carbon Al-doped-Si is called a p-type semiconductor because holes are positively charged. Figure 12. Doping of semiconductors changes the band structure. The single-element semiconductors are characterized by atoms with four valence electrons. Silicon is the most commonly used semiconductor. Band Gap. In solid Semiconductors can be composed of a single element such as silicon and germanium or consist of two or more elements for compound semiconductors. A. The Effect of Electric Field on the Semiconductor Surface . and additional materials called II-VI compound semiconductors are also found to exist.semiconductors. However, after 1990, a few semiconductor devices using organic semiconductors and semiconducting polymers have been developed signalling the Semiconductor physics and devices : basic principles 1 Donald A. Neamen. -3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Since the appearance of our book, Fundamentals of Semiconductors: Physics and Materials Properties, one of the questions we are asked.