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We all remember the famous Meltdown and Spectre security vulnerabilities that rocked the world in 2018, but do we know what they were? We'll explore those as well as their implications for computer security and the future. But first, it's important to understand why these bugs are so important. What is a "Meltdown"? A "Meltdown" is a type of exploit that takes advantage of a vulnerability in processors. A processor has two different modes: normal and masking (or privileged). When operating in normal mode, the processor follows its instruction set faithfully. In a process known as a "branch target" or "jmp", the processor jumps to a certain place in memory depending on the values of various bits in an instruction. In higher-level languages like C, this is called "jumping to an address" (like jmp 0x12345678).When operating in privileged mode however, these same operations are executed without checking for certain bits. This allows them to skip over checks, which is called "speculative execution". CPUs do this to gain performance (and can be turned off for security if needed). Normally you cannot tell the difference between executing in normal mode vs. privileged mode because all operations are done exactly the same way no matter which one you use. What is a "Spectre"? A "Spectre" is a different kind of CPU vulnerability in a completely different part of the chip. This is called "speculative execution". While it may feel like the Spectre bug is different from Meltdown, they are in fact related. CPU vendors have been working to fix the Spectre vulnerability since 2017. They announced fixes in January 2018 with patches scheduled for release in March 2018 with additional fixes scheduled for June 2018. Since that time, new variants have been discovered and updated fixes will continue to be released throughout 2018 and into 2019. A Spectre attack takes advantage of a CPU's ability to guess what a user's program will do next. This allows the processor to speculatively execute different code paths and gather information about whether or not a guess is accurate. While a program is executing, a CPU will execute certain calculations for no good reason other than to try to guess what the program will do next. The processor ends up wasting power and slowing down your computer as well as draining your battery faster. Meltdown and Spectre work by using the same type of attacks but in different ways. In summary, an attacker can use these vulnerabilities directly or indirectly. A direct attack includes code that you allow to run on your computer (perhaps accidentally). An indirect attack includes code that is allowed to run by something you've installed or downloaded (perhaps by accident). While there are many different types of attacks based on these vulnerabilities, the basic idea is the same in each case. To understand Meltdown and Spectre, we first need to learn about "virtual memory" and "speculative execution". Let's start with virtual memory. Virtual Memory Processors can only do one thing at a time.
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