Cell And Molecular Biology By Robertis Full Rar Book Utorrent [PATCHED]

The field of molecular biology is one of the most diverse and fascinating of all sciences. It consists of several sub-disciplines such as cell and molecular biology, microbiology, immunology, genetics, plant biology and many more. Molecular biologists study cells by taking biopsies from living organisms then studying the molecules that these cells produce to gain a better understanding on how they function.One particular sub-discipline which has become increasingly important in recent years is cell and molecular biology. Cell and molecular biology deals with the study of cells at the molecular level, that is, understanding how genes are expressed and how proteins are made. A major part of this sub-discipline deals with what molecules form inside living cells to carry out their jobs. It also deals with the development of cell lines (substances grown in vitro), which can be used to study particular aspects of cell biology which cannot be done by growing single cells in culture.Cells live within other biological tissues, so it is important to understand how these tissues behave as a whole. One example is epithelial cells, which line body cavities such as intestines, lungs and skin. The cells lining these cavities work to protect the body from substances that should not enter it, such as viruses and bacteria. They also help carry out chemical reactions involving digestion and fluid balance. Other examples of tissues are muscles, which allow animals to move, and neurons, which transmit impulses between cells. These tissues interact with each other and with their environment to keep the whole organism fit and healthy.Cell and molecular biology uses many techniques at its disposal: genetics, biochemistry, cell culture and microscopy. The genetic basis of biology lies in the fact that all living organisms inherit genetic information from their parents by way of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). This genetic information gives rise to the characteristics that we see in living beings. It is this genetic information that allows for species to evolve and adapt to changes in their environment. Therefore, it is important for this genetic information to be properly preserved so as to allow species continued survival.Genetic diseases are conditions which can be passed from one generation to another through genes inherited from the parents, either by mutation or recombination. Mutations are changes in the genetic information of an organism which occurs in fertilisation, in somatic cells during development, or in somatic cells in old age. Recombination occurs when two different chromosomes exchange genes during meiosis. Recombination can occur when chromosomes randomly come into contact or when they come into contact because of crossing over between them. Examples of crossing over are when the non-sex chromosomes undergo speciation (eg X/X) or when sex chromosomes undergo speciation (eg Z/Z). The advantage of crossing over is that it provides organisms with a form of evolution.

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cell and molecular biology by de robertis

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