Mil std 2169 download pdf

Protective Devices. Automatic shut down with emergency bypass for low oil pressure, coolant high-temperature, low fuel, over-speed, and over-voltage Fuel Consumption 4. Noise 70 dBA 7 meters 23 ft. August 16, at am. August 9, at am. July 21, at am.

November 21, at pm. November 14, at am. Leave a Reply Cancel reply You must be logged in to post a comment. ESD can cause intermittent or upset transient failures as well as hard failures. Intermittent failures occur when the equipment is in operation and is usually characterized by a loss of information or temporary distortion of its functions.

No apparent hardware damage occurs and proper operation resumes automatically after the ESD exposure or in the case of some digital equipment, after re-entry of the information by re-sequencing the equipment. Catastrophic hard ESD failures can be the result of electrical overstress of electronic parts caused by a discharge from a person or object, an electrostatic field, or a high voltage spark discharge. ESD can also cause hazardous conditions in fuels and ordnance, as well as presenting a shock hazard to personnel.

Sloshing fuel in tanks and fuel flowing in lines can both create a charge buildup resulting in a possible fuel hazard due to sparking.

Any other fluid or gas flowing in the system such as cooling fluid or air can likewise deposit a charge with potentially hazardous consequences. Ordnance is potentially susceptible to inadvertent ignition from ESD. The primary concern is discharge through the bridgewire of the EID used to initiate the explosive. During maintenance, personnel contact with the structure and various materials can create an electrostatic charge buildup on both the personnel and structure particularly on non- conductive surfaces.

This buildup can constitute a safety hazard to personnel or fuel or may damage electronics. ESD TR The DoD employs a large number of weapon systems in executing military missions, and most, if not all, depend upon the EM spectrum.

Loss of spectrum access, however, has the potential to derail efforts to exploit available technology. DoD is provided access to spectrum by the Federal Government and shares spectrum with other Federal Agencies, local Governments and private Industry.

Consequently, the DoD must demonstrate critical needs to maintain specific portions of the spectrum for exclusive use. This is truer now more than ever before considering the wide use of wireless technologies in the market-place. Expanding commercial access to spectrum is a reality. Spectrum use is governed by International agreements and national laws since DoD operations are conducted worldwide, bringing new challenges to efforts involved in planning and coordinating J oint missions.

Relocation of systems to new bands is difficult and costly because an equipment may interact with many other equipment. In addition to the increased likelihood of operational EMI because of overcrowding in the remaining spectrum, equipment redesign, additional testing, re-certification for spectrum use, and training all may be necessary.

Further domino effects are also likely, forcing changes to other parts of the integrated military system. Many frequencies used by DoD are those that work best for the intended purpose, dictated by the laws of physics. DoD efforts to safeguard needed spectrum access depend on the capability to demonstrate the criticality of targeted frequencies. The acquisition community plays a key role since the data generated during the ESC process provides much of the information needed to substantiate DoD positions.

The availability of adequate spectrum to support military electronic systems and equipment is critical to maximizing mission effectiveness. Spectrum planning and management must be given appropriate and timely consideration during the development, procurement, and deployment of military assets that utilize the EM spectrum.

To ensure maximum EMC among the various worldwide users of the spectrum, it is essential that spectrum-dependent equipment and other intentional radiators, including identification devices and stock control micro strips, comply with spectrum usage and management requirements.

Elements of spectrum management are: Frequency Allocation. The designation of frequency bands for use by one or more radio communication service, for example, fixed, land mobile, air-to-ground, or commercial broadcast.

Frequency Assignment. The authorization for a spectrum-dependent system to use a frequency under specified conditions or restrictions. The statement s of adequacy received from authorities of sovereign nations after their review of the technical characteristics of a spectrum-dependent equipment or system regarding compliance with their national spectrum management policy, allocations, regulations, and technical standards.

ESC is alternately called spectrum certification. SS is the assurance that the necessary frequencies and bandwidth are available to military systems in order to maintain effective interoperability in the operational EME. The assessment of an equipment or system as having spectrum supportability is based upon, as a minimum, receipt of ESC, reasonable assurance of the availability of sufficient frequencies for operation, Host Nation Approval HNA , and consideration of EMC.

SS must be addressed early in the conceptual phase of system development and be periodically reviewed and updated throughout the system design. OMB Circular A requires that spectrum support be obtained before submitting funding estimates for the development or procurement of systems or equipment. In addition, certification is required before funds are obligated for spectrum-dependent systems or equipment.

The data enables: Frequency assignments for DoD operations, exercises, and training, including coordination with foreign host nations for use of DoD systems overseas, Mitigation or resolution of EMI problems, Siting of new DoD or commercial systems on ships, aircraft, in space, and at shore sites, Integration of CI into the intense EME found on military platforms and installations, and Establishment of mutually beneficial parameters for spectrum sharing with Industry.

In ever-increasing competition for limited frequency spectrum, the DoD must provide for mutual compatibility and agreement regarding its use in the International community. Spectrum is a national resource managed by each country. Approval to transmit within a country is at the sole discretion of that country, based on the perceived potential for EMI to local receivers. Use of military or commercial C4I systems in host nations requires coordination and negotiation including approvals and certifications.

Host nations have denied frequency assignments to DoD systems because of EMI caused to in-country systems, such as cellular and other mobile phones, civil aviation, civil defense, other civil and Government systems, sensors, radar, military systems, and satellite communications. The military conducts operations in territories of nations other than the U. In such situations, use of the spectrum for U.

To ensure EMC, the host nation, in most cases, requires the U. Failure to obtain HNA can result in action as severe as confiscation of the equipment. As a minimum, such equipment will not be allowed to operate. As indicated in 5. However, the civilian spectrum is generally not authorized for military use. When contracting for the acquisition of spectrum-dependent CI, particularly those that utilize civilian frequencies, it is essential that ESC be addressed, in addition to the E3 issues discussed in this handbook.

DoD directives and instructions require acquisition personnel to obtain ESC approval for all spectrum-dependent equipment, including CI emitters and receivers, particularly where the Government relies on commercially provided services or secondary allocations, that is, permission to use on a not-to-interfere basis for military purposes. This requirement extends to CI used for military purposes, whether operating in Government exclusive bands, shared bands, or non-Government exclusive frequency bands.

Government requirements for use of the spectrum in exclusive non-Government bands can be accommodated either by becoming a user of a commercial service, such as cellular telephone, or by obtaining a secondary allocation. As a practical matter, and as discussed earlier, the limitations of CI and their potential for EMI problems should be recognized. FCC requirements differ markedly from those imposed by the DoD and, generally, do not provide the necessary data on equipment technical characteristics or system performance.

Secondary allocations can be even more of a problem for the Government user who, in this case, is afforded no protection at all from EMI. Furthermore, regulatory policy stipulates that primary allocation operations will receive no EMI from secondary users. Consequently, operational EMI can be expected in the absence of appropriate ESC considerations applied during acquisition. In these cases, equipment manufacturers must supply the requisite technical characteristics and performance data needed to complete the process for the following reasons: The potential for EMI is increased, because most CI are not designed or tested for operation in the extremely dense, high power EME found on DoD platforms and in mission battle space situations.

Conversely, the resolution of such problems is more difficult when ESC data is not available for use in developing potential fixes. Site planning, for installing CI systems in DoD platforms or land facilities, while maintaining mutual compatibility between installed systems, becomes extremely difficult, if not impossible to do efficiently in the absence of specific, spectrum performance data.

Spectrum planners, who develop frequency plans for DoD missions, are responsible for assigning frequencies to preclude EMI among the multitude of emitters and receivers that will operate in the battle space or in training exercises.

Non-certified emitters and receivers constitute unknown quantities that present a hazard to spectrum planning and overall mission success, regardless of their operational frequencies. Their functions and responsibilities cover all aspects of SM, from the regulatory aspects of spectrum use rules, to the specific procedural aspects of certifying equipment and obtaining assigned operational frequencies.

Figure 2 depicts the SM structure. This organization later became the ITU, currently with approximately member nations. The regulations, now known as the Radio Regulations, allocate the frequencies between 3 kHz and GHz into bands for use by radio services worldwide. The ITU comprises the following: The Plenipotentiary Conference is the supreme authority of the union and meets every four years to adopt the strategic plan and fundamental policies of the organization.

The Council is composed of 46 members of the union and acts on behalf of the plenipotentiary conference to consider broad telecommunication policy issues. The World Conferences on International Telecommunications meet according to needs, generally every years, to establish the general principles related to the operation of International telecommunication services.

The Radio Communication Sector ensures rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the spectrum by all radio communication services. The Standardization Sector studies the technical, operating, and tariff questions and issues recommendations for standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis.

The Development Sector facilitates and enhances telecommunications development by offering, organizing and coordinating technical cooperation and assistance activities.

Spectrum Management Organizations. The Communications Act of established the FCC as an independent Government agency to control and manage civilian use of the spectrum. See Figure 3 The FCC is directly responsible to Congress for regulating civilian use of the spectrum by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable.

Their jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and U. Communications Act of implementing regulatory programs, processing applications for licenses or other filings, analyzing complaints, conducting investigations, and taking part in FCC hearings. The Assistant Secretary acts as Administrator. Spectrum management within the organization is under the direction of its Associate Administrator, the Office of Spectrum Management.

MIL-HDBKD 25 Conduct research and analysis of EM propagation, radio system characteristics and operating techniques affecting spectrum use, Establish policies concerning frequency allocations and assignments for telecommunication systems owned and operated by the Government and provide guidance to various Agencies to ensure their compliance with policy, Develop, in cooperation with the FCC, a comprehensive long-range plan for improved management of all EM spectrum resources, including jointly determining the National Table of Frequency Allocations TOA , and Continues operation of the Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee IRAC to serve in an advisory capacity to the Assistant Secretary.

Government radio stations and in developing and executing policies, programs, procedures, and technical criteria pertaining to the allocation, management, and use of the spectrum. The permanent substructure of the IRAC consists of the following: Frequency Assignment Subcommittee that carries out those functions related to the assignment and coordination of radio frequencies and the development and execution of related procedures. Spectrum Planning Subcommittee SPS that plans for use of the spectrum in the National interest, to include the apportionment of spectrum space for the support of established or anticipated radio services, as well as the apportionment of spectrum between or among Government and non-Government activities.

Technical Subcommittee that carries out those functions related to technical aspects of use of the EM spectrum, and such other matters as the IRAC may direct. This committee evaluates and makes recommendations regarding EMC capabilities and the needs of the Government in support of SM.

They also develop and update recommended standards and pertaining to spectrum use. Radio Conference Subcommittee that carries out functions related to preparing for ITU conferences, including the development of recommended U. International Notification Group that prepares responses to the ITU concerning questionnaires and other correspondence related to U. They, together with the requisite technical and clerical personnel, carry out the work of the IRAC.

A representative appointed by the FCC acts as liaison between the IRAC Subcommittees and the Commission, thereby creating a forum for addressing civil and Federal spectrum use interests. They also identify, assess, and recommend measures to ensure that EM spectrum use is mutually supporting and effective in J oint and Combined operations. At the heart is J oint Vision , which promotes achieving the ultimate goal of our military forces through Full Spectrum Dominance across the full range of operations.

The MCEB is responsible for developing and promoting the DoD position in negotiations with other host nations on matters for which it is responsible. In addition, the J SC: Reviews DD Form frequency allocation applications for the Services, Maintains spectrum use databases for planning and analysis, and Provides interference prediction and analysis modeling and simulation support.

It is the focal point for acquisition personnel, Major Army Commands, Major Subordinate and System Commands, and Materiel Support Commands who develop, purchase, or lease telecommunications equipment for U. Army use.

Their mission is to ensure interoperability among member nations through the formulation of combined C-E policy and coordination of C-E issues. Within the organization, the Frequency Planners Meeting is one of the principal activities. This forum is directed towards ensuring adequate spectrum support for forces of the CCEB nations.

While the CCEB does not control national procurement initiatives, or mandate the use of particular standards, it is expected that future equipment acquisition will be strongly influenced by the standards, policies, and procedures that the organization develops. Evolutionary acquisitions, including spiral and incremental developments, are the preferred approach to satisfying operational needs; however, an appropriate balance is required among key factors, such as operational needs, interoperability, supportability, and affordability of alternative acquisition solutions.

DoD policy requires all electrical and electronic systems, subsystems, and equipment, including ordnance containing EIDs, to be mutually compatible in their intended EME without causing or suffering unacceptable mission degradation due to E3. Accordingly, appropriate E3 requirements must be imposed to ensure a desired level of compatibility with other co-located equipment intra- system and within the applicable external EME inter-system, RF, lightning, EMP, and p-static and to address safety of personnel, ordnance, and fuel in these environments.

In addition, national, international, and DoD policies and procedures for the management and use of the EM spectrum direct PMs developing spectrum-dependent systems or equipment to consider SS requirements and E3 control early in the development process and throughout the acquisition life cycle.

In addition, Sections 4 and 5 provide overviews of E3 and SM, including SS, concerns, respectively, Section 7 provides guidance on E3 and SS testing, including analysis and prediction, and Appendix C describes the acquisition system. Managers should take the following actions to obtain SS for spectrum-dependent equipment, and minimize E3 on all equipment, systems, and platforms both spectrum-dependent and non spectrum-dependent.

Detailed guidance is provided in subsequent portions of this handbook. DoDD If previously submitted, ensure information is current. If the system is spectrum-dependent and has not yet obtained the SS required allowing it to proceed into the Production and Deployment phase, the PM must develop a justification and a proposed plan to obtain SS. Changes to operational parameters such as, tuning range, emission characteristics, antenna gain and height, bandwidth, or output power or proposed operational locations may require additional ESC actions through an updated DD Form or additional E3 analyses or tests.

The following concerns should be addressed early in these projects: Does the project address E3? Does the project address a requirement for SS?

Does the project address the safety issues regarding HERO, if applicable? The J oint Staff will employ the following assessment criteria when reviewing these documents. Mission Area ICDs typically address broad capability gaps in joint warfighting functions that, in most cases, do not directly translate into EM spectrum concerns such as E3 and SS functionality. However, it is appropriate to address E3 and SS functionality in the ICD when the operational capabilities, gaps, or shortcomings involve EM spectrum usage, access, or support areas such as cognitive radios that employ emerging spectrum technology waveforms, ultra-wideband systems, frequency management issues, and so forth.

When addressing E3 and SS in the ICD, shortcomings or technology gaps of existing capabilities that impact these requirements should be addressed. The ICD should explain how the deficiencies noted will be resolved or mitigated by the planned capability or technology.

The ICD should also address regulatory compliance issues as applicable. These issues, in order to be effectively addressed, must be presented to decision-makers within the DoD, National, and International regulatory structure early in the requirement generation and acquisition process. Can sufficient HNA be obtained?

Can operational frequency assignments be made when the capability is deployed? Will the capability be compatible with existing systems? Does the capability need to be hardened to withstand the EME? Describe the electromagnetic environment in which the system must operate and coexist with other US, allied, coalition, government and non-government systems.

Identify potential issues regarding E3 interference from threat emitters. For systems that communicate via electromagnetic energy, spectrum certification is necessary to ensure adequate access to the electromagnetic spectrum. Other System Attributes. As appropriate. Address safety issues regarding hazards of electromagnetic radiation to ordnance HERO.

Define the expected mission capability e. Include applicable safety parameters, such as those related to system, nuclear, explosive and flight safety.

In addition, the Threat Summary paragraph of the CDD, Section 4, should include a definition of the EME, both friendly and hostile forces that the device may encounter such as specific high- power emitters, EMP, directed energy weapons, and so forth. CJ CSI The following is an excerpt from the Statutory Compliance Table.

Electromagnetic Environmental Effects. The XXX system or equipment shall be mutually compatible and operate compatibly in the electromagnetic environment. It shall not be operationally degraded or fail due to exposure to electromagnetic environmental effects, including high intensity radio frequency HIRF transmissions or high-altitude electromagnetic pulse HEMP.

Ordnance systems will be integrated into the platform to preclude unintentional detonation. The XXX equipment will comply with the applicable DoD, National, and International spectrum management policies and regulations and will obtain spectrum certification prior to operational deployment. All ordnance items shall be integrated into the system in such a manner as to preclude all safety problems and performance degradation when exposed to its operational EME.

In addition, the Threat Summary paragraph of the CPD, Section 4, should include a definition of the EME, both friendly and hostile forces that the device may encounter such as specific high- power emitters, EMP, directed energy weapons, and so forth. According to DoDI Enclosure 4 of DoDI DoDI The ISP should identify and address implementation issues related to E3 and SS support needs, dependencies, and interfaces related to net-readiness, interoperability, information supportability, and information sufficiency concerns.

The ISP must also discuss actions, plans, or techniques to mitigate or resolve these issues. For platforms that employ RF emitters developed by a separate acquisition program, spectrum documentation for those emitters may be cited here as evidence of compliance with SS regulations. In addition, if applicable, there should be a discussion of the impact of the loss of a planned spectrum-dependent command, control, or communication link as a result of an unresolved spectrum supportability issue.

As noted in Section C. The Service E3 offices and the J SC can be consulted to determine the availability of such capabilities. Appendix D of this handbook describes the Services test facilities and capabilities. Recent reallocation of the EM spectrum from DoD and Government use to the private sector may preclude operation of a system or equipment on specific frequencies.

Approved frequency allocations must be obtained for the development and procurement of the item, whereas the Service Operational Test Agency OTA is responsible for obtaining frequency assignments for equipment operated during operational testing. Is E3 identified as a critical operational effectiveness and suitability parameter? Have intra- and inter-subsystem and equipment E3 verifications been planned? Have intra-and inter-platform and system E3 verifications been planned?

Guidance is provided to ensure appropriate E3 and SS requirements and considerations are addressed. It may also be established for programs with complex, multi-discipline EM issues. It functions as a major resource for review, advice, and technical consultation on program E3 or SS issues.

The team is expected to make decisions in a cooperative manner as compared to the adversarial relationships between Government and contractor personnel that often existed in the past.

Membership may often vary over time depending on the status and phase of the development and the various E3-related disciplines that are deemed appropriate for a particular acquisition. E3 and SS specialists from various organizations, such as acquisition offices, modeling or test areas, and subcontractors, may be involved. Specialists in other disciplines may also need to participate such as those with contracts, safety, or system integration backgrounds.

The total number of members is usually dependent upon the complexity of the program. Industry participation must be consistent with the contract. The charter should include a purpose and scope, a description of the item being procured, its functions, intended uses, and installations. It should also identify the E3 disciplines that are to be addressed during the program.

The charter should describe the responsibilities and role of the WIPT and its members and how its recommendations will be handled, within the overall program.

Specific categories of representatives, such as Chairman, Vice-Chairman, Secretary, and Members, should be defined and each of their individual responsibilities and functions should be detailed. Technical specialists, contractors, and consulting members who are technical support individuals that attend only when requested should also be identified.

The charter should describe in detail the activities and required schedules and milestones that should be formulated for these activities. It should delineate all of the documentation requirements to be provided by the WIPT. It is essential that requirements be clearly articulated during the preparation of these documents. As detailed below, E3 and SS requirements are to be included in each of these documents 6.

It also contains guidance for tailoring the requirements in the standards. Likewise, they should not be sources of EMI to other equipment within the platform or system. Many of the requirements in the standard are universally applicable to all subsystems and equipment, regardless of end use, whereas a limited number of requirements are structured to address specific concerns associated with the end platform or system.

Tables in the standard define the applicability of the requirements. The requirements contained therein are not to be applied to subassemblies of equipment such as modules or circuit cards, nor are they intended for platforms.

The requirements in the standard are to be used as a baseline and should be tailored to the specific item being procured.

The Appendix of the standard provides rationale and guidance for implementing and tailoring the requirements contained therein. In addition, the Appendix should be consulted for detailed guidance on tailoring and performing the required tests. Compliance with the equipment or subsystem EMI requirements does not relieve the developing or integrating activity of the responsibility for providing overall platform or system compatibility.

Ordnance includes weapons, rockets, explosives, EIDs, EEDs, squibs, flares, igniters, explosive bolts, electric primed cartridges, destructive devices, and jet-assisted take-off bottles. The standard applies to complete platforms or systems, both new and modified. The platform or system E3 specification, although based on MIL- STD, must be tailored for the specific acquisition and to the expected operational environment.

Verification of the tailored E3 requirements is done by test, analysis, inspection, or some combination thereof, depending upon the degree of confidence in the particular method, the technical appropriateness, associated costs, and availability of assets.

The Appendix to the standard provides rationale and guidance for implementing the requirements and verification procedures contained therein. The basic requirements in MIL-STD are at the platform or system level and deal with both the integration and operation of subsystems and equipment in the platform or system and with the operation of the platform or system in its operational EME.

Appendix A of this handbook lists other documents that could be referenced for an acquisition. Tailoring is the process by which the requirements of a standard are adapted to the characteristics or operational requirements of an item under development.

Since each platform, system, subsystem, or equipment has its own requirements and characteristics, the general E3 performance requirements in MIL-STD or , for example, may not be adequate. Quite often the requirements for items that operate in critical EME need to be made more stringent.

Tailoring involves modifying, deleting, or adding to the requirements in a basic military standard. MIL-HDBKD 40 Tailoring the requirements of a standard should either result in improved performance of the item or reduce the item's development or life cycle costs without compromising the item's operational capabilities. Tailoring the requirements of a standard does not constitute a waiver or deviation from the document. Tailored E3 performance requirements should be reflected in the solicitation documents.

The depth of detail, level of effort required, and the data expected should be defined when tailoring therequirements. Subsequent tailoring of performance requirements may be requested or recommended by a contractor but should be subject to Government approval.

First, there should be an orderly process of reviewing all of the available specifications and standards and selecting those that are considered pertinent to the particular item. Then, the individual requirements from the sections and paragraphs of the selected standards, specifications, or related documents should be evaluated to determine their suitability for an item's acquisition.

As required, individual requirements should be tailored for the specific application and use of the item to ensure an optimal balance between the item's operational needs and acquisition costs. The following two paragraphs are examples of how to address E3 performance requirements in a subsystem or equipment specification: EMI Control.

EMI Test. As an alternative, the specific, applicable MIL-STD conducted emission, radiated emission, conducted susceptibility, and radiated susceptibility requirements may be specified, along with modifications to the limits or applicable frequency ranges, as appropriate.

Acceptable, equivalent commercial standards may also be invoked. The contractor shall prepare and update the DD Form throughout the development of the system for spectrum-dependent equipment and shall perform analysis and testing to characterize the equipment, where necessary. See 6. From a SS standpoint, there may be a potential problem with the military using commercial equipment, particularly on commercial frequencies.

The commercial equipment procured by the military may only be operated after approval has been granted by the MCEB. On the other hand, the rules for the operation of leased CI operated by the military are different. As a practical matter, the limitations of CI should be recognized. For example, CI are generally not designed to operate in the harsh military EME and in many instances lack sufficient emission control or susceptibility immunity protection such that severe EMI can result from co-located C4I systems, other onboard electronic and electrical subsystems and equipment, or emitters on other platforms.

Experience has shown that efforts to resolve these EMI problems may be time consuming, difficult to implement in the field and expensive for the Government, often with marginal results. Also, NDI may be designed for one environment but selected for use in another. Modifications required to correct E3 problems in an operational CI can be time consuming and very costly. E3 problems can present a potentially hazardous situation resulting in loss of life, damage to hardware, or degradation of mission performance capability.

To mitigate the risk, an assessment should be performed to evaluate the planned EME and the equipments EMI characteristics. This can be accomplished by reviewing existing test data, reviewing the equipment design, or with limited EMI testing. If the item was designed to a commercial standard, or to one from another Government agency, there may be existing EMI test data. That data, if available, should be reviewed to determine if the item is suitable for the particular application or intended installation.

If data is non-existent, or does not allow comparison with the applicable MIL-STD requirements, limited laboratory EMI testing should be performed to provide the data necessary to do the comparison. If, after evaluation of the EMI data, it is determined that the equipment would not satisfactorily operate in the intended EME, then it is the responsibility of the procuring activity to implement modifications to, or select, equipment with adequate characteristics.

Most commercial E3 standards are inadequate for military platforms that is, they do not adequately stipulate susceptibility or immunity performance requirements, do not address the concern of common-mode EMI, and so forth. In order to make useful comparisons, the minimal E3 performance requirements essential for mission effectiveness should first be established by tailoring MIL-STD or to the specific application.

The methodology involves review of the technical and performance characteristics of an item during the procurement to determine compliance with requirements and provide guidance to the developer. The process: Provides authorization to develop or procure items that utilize a defined frequency band s or frequencies for the accommodation of a specific electronic function, Ensures compliance with the policies and tables concerning the use of the spectrum, and Ensures spectrum availability to support the item in its intended operational environment.

The relationship between the acquisition process and the ESC process is depicted on Figure 4. A DD Form must be submitted in a timely and accurate manner. It is submitted up to 4 times or stages during the acquisition process. Processing time depends on the quality of the data and is often delayed due to incomplete or erroneous information.

Nominal time to complete the process is 3 - 9 months. A critical factor is the coordination period associated with HNA. Some countries may take years to complete coordination, whereas others may be as quick as 60 to 90 days for non-controversial systems.

The process should be initiated once: Sufficient information becomes available on the intended use and feasible frequency limits of a proposed item to warrant consideration of a specific allocation, An equipment is being considered for development, or Procurement of CI or leasing of a commercial service for military use is being considered.

National approval. The SCS is updated within one or two days of receipt of the information from the sponsoring department. Once approval has been obtained, the COCOM must request assignment of a specific frequency, or frequencies, from the host nation to operate the equipment.

As indicated earlier, use of CI in DoD operations overseas must also be coordinated through these negotiations. Page Count. Source Agency. Document Type. Technical Report.