Caesar ii technical reference manual pdf download

Other brands and product names are trademarks of their respective owners. This is also available in Version 5.

EXE in determining duplicated allowable stress data for the elements. The software uses the index values in the new computation of Sustained and Occasional stresses. The software defaults the value to the minimum Sh value; however, you can select a corresponding Sh.

You can copy it as needed. CAESAR II is an advanced tool for designing and analyzing piping systems using input forms, on-line help, graphics, and extensive error detection. ASME, B31, WRC, and rotating equipment reports are created to provide a complete description of piping system behavior under applied loading conditions.

Additional capabilities, such as out-of-core solvers, force spectrum analysis for water hammer and relief valve solutions , time history, and large rotation rod hangers provide you with the most advanced computer-based piping program available today. The general seminar is held in our Houston office and covers five days of statics. Twice a year, we also cover five days of statics and three days of dynamics. These seminars emphasize the piping codes, static analysis, dynamic analysis, and problem solving.

Custom seminars held at client locations are also available. CADWorx template specifications contain built-in auto routing, auto iso, stress iso, auto dimensioning, complete libraries, center of gravity calculations, and bill of materials. PV Elite is comprehensive software for the design or analysis of vertical and horizontal vessels.

PVElite includes CodeCalc. CodeCalc is software for the design or analysis of pressure vessel components. API calculations are also included. PV Fabricator automates the production of pressure vessel fabrication deliverables. Calculations address winds girders, conical roof design, allowed fluid heights, and remaining corrosion allowance.

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Be sure you have the latest version of the SmartPlant License Manager software before beginning the installation. If the thickness of a type 1or type 17 intersection is left blank or zero the SIFs for an unreinforced fabricated tee are used. Ftg Ro. Fitting outside radius for branch connections. If omitted, FTG ro defaults to the outside radius of the branch pipe. Crotch R. The crotch radius of the formed lip on an extruded welding tee, intersection type 6.

This is also the intersection weld crotch radius for WRC calculations. Basically, if the user makes an attempt to reduce the stress riser at a fabricated intersection, by guaranteeing that there will be a smooth transition radius from the header to the branch pipe, then he may reduce the resulting stress intensification by a factor of 2. Weld d. Used for Butt Welds and Tapered transitions. Note that this is the average, and not the maximum mismatch.

Users must themselves make sure that any maximum mismatch requirements are satisfied for their particular code. The fillet leg length, and is used only in conjunction with a socket weld component. For an unequal leg fillet weld, this value is the length of the shorter leg.

Note that if a fillet leg is given, both socket weld types result in the same SIF. See appendix D of the B31 piping codes for further clarification. Weld ID. The following are valid entries: 0 and 1. This entry is used for Bonney Forge sweepolets and insert weldolets, as well as butt welds in the Swedish piping code. This entry defines the primary stress index to be used for the given node on the current element. For the BS Code, the B1 field is used to enter the pressure stress multiplier m , if other than as per the code requirements.

Override values only apply for the single element they are defined on. SIFs may be calculated for partial intersections and dummy legs. If for some reason the SIF should be greater than 1. Note that a user defined SIF only acts at the node on the current element. Stress Intensification Factors Details Stress intensification factors are calculated automatically for bends and defined intersections as specified by the applicable piping code.

The user may enter specific stress intensification factor for any point in the piping system by activating the SIFs and Tees check box on the pipe spreadsheet. The node number where the stress is to be intensified is entered in the first available Node field, and the in-plane and out-plane stress intensification factors are entered in the SIF i and the SIF o fields, respectively. Code defined SIFs always apply.

The node to be intensified must be the To or the From node on the current element. Stresses are only intensified at the element end going to the specified node. For example, if two pipes frame into node 10, one going from 5 to 10, and the other from 10 to 15; and a stress intensification factor of 2. User defined stress intensification factors can be used to override code calculated values for nodes at intersections.

For example, let node 40 be an intersection defined by an unreinforced fabricated tee. The header pipes framing into the intersection go from 35 to 40 and from 40 to The branch pipe framing into the intersection goes from to Also assume that finite element analysis of the intersection showed the header stress intensification factors to be 2.

To properly override the code-calculated stress intensification factors for the header pipes, two pipe elements will have to be modified: 35 to 40 Node 40 Type: SIF i : 2. This is only true where code-calculated values exist along with user-specified values. If the element from to is a reducer and the stress intensification factors for each of its ends is 2.

Node: Type: SIF i : 2. There are no code-calculated values to override these user-input values. The user is not permitted to override code-calculated stress intensification factors for bend elements unless the Allow User's Bend SIF directive is activated in the configuration file.

Additionally, bend stress intensification factors will supersede any code-calculated intersection stress intensification factors for the same node. This characteristic allows the user to apply code-calculated intersection stress intensification factors to dummy legs without disturbing the normal bend stress intensification factors. The node on the dummy leg, that is also on the bend curvature, is defined as an intersection on the Intersection SIF Scratchpad.

The intersection stress intensification factors will be calculated and can be applied to the dummy leg end that connects to the bend. Bend stress intensification factors are unchanged. Stress intensification factors can be calculated for intersections having one, two, or three pipes framing into it. One of the following SIF scratchpads will appear after typing in the node number to review when prompted. At this point the user may interactively change any of the spreadsheet data and recalculate the SIFs.

This allows the user to see the effect that changing geometries and properties have on code stress intensification factors. Activate or deactivate this option by double-clicking on the Reducer check box on the piping element spreadsheet. CAESAR II will construct a concentric reducer element made of ten pipe cylinders, each of a successively larger or smaller diameter and wall thickness over the element length. These SIFs are dependent on the slope of the reducer transition among other code-specific considerations , labeled Alpha in the figure above.

Diameter 2 Enter the 2nd diameter of the reducer element. The 1st diameter is obtained from the diameter field of the piping spreadsheet.

Thickness 2 Enter the 2nd wall thickness of the reducer element. The 1st wall thickness is obtained from the wall thickness field of the piping spreadsheet. Alpha Angle Define the reducer angle in degrees. R1 Enter the transition radius for the large end of the reducer, as shown in Appendix 4, Table 8. R2 Enter the transition radius for the small end of the reducer, as shown in Appendix 4, Table 8.

Auxiliary Fields - Boundary Conditions Restraints Activate the restraint auxiliary by double-clicking on the check box. If more than four restraints are to be specified on one element, the additional restraints may be placed on any other input spreadsheet. Note Do not use restraints in these three situations: 1 Imposed Displacements Specify displacements for the point using the Displacement Auxiliary field. Use the Hangers check box to open the Hanger Auxiliary Data field.

Node Node number where the restraint is to act. Note: The node number does not have to be on the current element. CNode Optional connecting node. Restraints with connecting nodes can be used to tie one node in the piping system to any other node in the system.

If left blank then the restraint node is tied, via the restraint stiffness, to a fixed point in space. If the connecting node is specified then the restraint node is tied, via the restraint stiffness, to the connecting node.

In all cases, CNodes associate nodal degrees of freedom. Additionally, CNodes can be used to geometrically connect different parts of a model graphically. This option is controlled via the setup file directive Connect Geometry through CNodes on page See Chapter 2 of the Technical Reference Manual for additional information on this topic. Type The following restraints can be activated by selecting them from the drop list in the Restraint Auxiliary field.

If a sign is entered, it defines the direction of allowed free displacement along the specified degree of freedom. Guide Transverse restraint that may be skewed. If a sign is entered, it defines the direction of allowed free displacement along the element longitudinal axis. They only act on the piping system in the Occasional load case. X2, Y2, Z2 Bilinear supports are restraints that have two different stiffnesses associated with them.

The stiffness is dependent upon the loading on the support. X cosx, cosy, cosz or X vecx, vecy, vecz Translational skewed restraints. If a direction vector is entered, i. RX cosx, cosy, cosz or RX vecx, vecy, vecz Rotational skewed restraints. These types of supports are described in greater detail in Chapter 6 of this manual. Stif :. If the restraint is rigid 1. If not rigid, then any non-negative value preferably between 1.

Distance along the restraint line of action the restrained node may move freely before resistance to movement begins. If the translational restraint is not preceded by a sign, then the restraint is double acting and the gap will be taken to exist for both positive and the negative displacements along the line of action i.

The gap specification does not affect the amount of free displacement that can occur along the positive Y direction in this example. When defining windows of allowed movement it is not uncommon to place two restraints having the same line of action, but with different signs at the same node.

This configuration is perfectly legal. The user is cautioned to remember to form the window with signs on restraints rather than with signs on gaps.

Mu Static friction coefficient, usually about 0. Restraint to sliding will be along the directions orthogonal to the restraint line of action.

Hangers Activate the hangers auxiliary by double-clicking on the check box. Node The node to which the hanger is connected.

CNode The CNode, or connecting node number, is used only when the other end of the hanger is to be connected to another point in the system, such as another pipe node.

Power Piping 4. A single job can use any combination of tables. The hanger table can be specified on the individual hanger spreadsheet, or can be specified on the Hanger Run Control Spreadsheet see "Hanger Data" on page If a spring table is entered in the Hanger Design Control Spreadsheet then it is used as the default for all subsequent hangers defined.

The Hanger Design Control Spreadsheet defaults to the hanger table- specified in the configuration file. The maximum load range was included in CAESAR II to permit the selection of less expensive variable support hangers in place of constant effort supports when the spring loads are just outside the manufacturers recommended range.

Users should make sure that the maximum load range is available from the manufacturer as a standard item. Cold Load Spring Hanger Design. Cold Load Spring Hanger Design is a method of designing the springs, whereby the hot or operating load is supported in the cold or installed position of the piping.

This method of spring design offers several advantages over the more usual hot load design: Hanger stops are easier to remove. There is no excessive movement from the neutral position when the system is cold or when the stops are removed.

Spring loads can be adjusted before the system is brought up to temperature. Some feel that the cold load approach yields a much more dependable design.

In some system configurations, operating loads on connected equipment are lower. The spring to be designed is at the elbow adjacent to the nozzle. Operating loads are lower because the difference between the hot and cold loads counters the moment produced by the vertical thermal expansion from the anchor.

The disadvantages to cold load design are In some systems, in the hot condition the loads on rotating equipment may be increased by a value proportional to the spring rate times the travel.

Most installations are done on a hot load design basis. The decision to use hot or cold load hanger design rests with the user. Middle of the Table Hanger Design. Many designers prefer that the hot load be centered as close as possible to the middle of the spring table.

This was a much more needed feature, before effective computer modelling of piping systems, when the weights at hangers were approximated by chart methods or calculated by hand. Activating this option does not guarantee that spring hot loads will be at the middle of the spring table, but CAESAR II makes every effort to move the hot load to this position. The CAESAR II design algorithm will go to a higher size spring if the design load is closer to the middle of the larger springs range, but will never switch spring types.

This option can only result in a one size larger spring when it is effective. Extended Load Range Springs. Extended load ranges are the most extreme ranges on the spring load table. Some manufacturers build double spring supports to accommodate this range, and others adjust the top or bottom travel limits to accommodate either end of the extended table.

Before using the maximum ranges, the user should make sure that the manufacturer can properly supply the spring. Use of the extended range often eliminates the need to go to a constant effort support. Lisega springs do not support the "extended range" idea. A request for extended Lisega springs results in the standard Lisega spring table and ranges. Hangers or cans will be selected for a particular location only if they can be installed in the space allotted.

The precise definition of available space varies with the manufacturer. Drawings and tables for each manufacturer are shown at the end of this section. This is the available vertical clearance for the hanger or can:.

If the Available Space is not an important design criteria, then the field should be left blank or zero. If the Available Space is positive, then the vertical clearance will be assumed to be above the pipe and a hanger will be designed. If the Available Space is negative, then the vertical clearance will be assumed to be below the pipe and a can will be designed.

When the Available Space is the governing factor in a hanger design, several smaller springs are typically chosen in place of one large spring. If not specified, the only limit on load variation is that inherent in the spring table. Hot loads are smaller than cold loads whenever the operating displacement in the Y direction is positive. The user is advised to enter this value in the Hanger Run Control Spreadsheet before any hangers are defined.

The Allowable Load Variation can have different values for different hanger locations if necessary by entering the chosen value on the individual hanger spreadsheets or it can be entered on the Hanger Design Control Spreadsheet to apply to all hangers in the model. Rigid Support Displacement Criteria.

This is a parameter used to determine if there is sufficient travel to design a spring. The Rigid Support Displacement Criteria is a cost saving feature that replaces springs that are not needed with rigid rods. The hanger design algorithm operates by first running a restrained weight case. From this case the load to be supported by the hanger in the operating condition is determined. Once the hanger design load is known, an operating case is run with the hot hanger load installed to determine the travel at the hanger location.

If this determined hanger travel is less than the Rigid Support Displacement Criteria then a rigid Y support is selected for the location instead of a spring. If the Rigid Support Displacement is left blank or zero, the criteria will not be applied.

The value specified on the Run Control Spreadsheet is used as the default for all hangers not having it defined explicitly. A typical value to be used is 0. Important: In some cases a Single directional restraint should be inserted instead of a rigid rod. When this condition develops the user should rerun the hanger design inserting single directional restraints where rigid rods were put in by CAESAR II.

Hangers should probably never be replaced by rigid rods in very stiff parts of the piping system that are usually associated with rotating equipment or vessel nozzles that need to be protected. To specify a limit on the amount of travel a variable support hanger may undergo, specify the limit in this field.

The specification of a maximum travel limit will cause CAESAR II to select a constant effort support if the design operating travel exceeds this limit, even though a variable support from the manufacturer table would have been satisfactory in every other respect.

Constant effort hangers can be designed by inputting a very small number for the Maximum Allowed Travel Limit. A value of 0. If the user wants to use a different upper limit on the number of springs that CAESAR II will consider for a location, then the negative of that number should be entered in this field.

For example, if the user wants to use as few springs as possible, yet is willing to use as many as 5 springs if necessary, -5 should be entered in the No. To directly specify the number of springs to be designed at a location, enter that number in the No. Note: Enter only positive numbers in the No of Hangers field. In some instances short range springs are considered specialty items and are not used unless their shorter length is required for clearance reasons.

In this case, this check box should be cleared by the user. If this option is not activated, CAESAR II will select a mid-range spring over a short-range spring, assuming they are more standard, readily available, and in general cheaper than their short-range counterparts.

If the default should be that short range springs are used wherever possible, then check the box on the Hanger Design Control Spreadsheet. Operating Load. This value is normally entered when the user thinks that loads on a piece of equipment will be reduced if a hanger in the vicinity of the equipment is artificially caused to carry a proportionately larger part of the total load. This operating load is the hot load the hanger is designed to support after it undergoes any travel due to the thermal expansion of the piping.

The total desired operating load at the location should be entered. If there are two hangers specified at the location and each should carry lb. Multiple Load Case Design The spring selection algorithm can be based on one or more operating conditions.

A two-pump installation, where only one pump operates at a time, is a good application for multiple load case hanger design. There are currently thirteen different multiple load case design algorithms available: Design spring per operating case 1.

Design spring per operating case 2. Design spring per operating case 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Design spring for maximum operating load. Design spring for maximum travel. Design spring for average load and average travel. Design spring for maximum load and maximum travel. The globally specified option will apply for all hanger design locations unless overridden in a specific hanger design spreadsheet.

Enter the number of operating thermal cases to be considered when sizing springs for this system in the Hanger Design Control Spreadsheet.

This value defaults to 1. Also enter the Multiple Load Case Design option to be the default value unless the design option is to be specified individually for each hanger to be designed in the system. Example Problem of a Multiple Load - Case Spring - Hanger Design This example illustrates the different hanger designs that can result from the use of different multiple load case design options.

The user should enter the node number for the equipment where the restraint to be freed acts. For nozzles that are further removed from the hanger usually only the Y direction should be freed. Hangers are commonly used around equipment nozzles to support the weight of the pipe as it thermally expands away from the nozzle. The hanger can usually be designed to take almost the full weight of the pipe between the anchor and the hanger if the anchor is freed when making the restrained weight calculation.

The pipe going to the anchor will be treated just like a free end for the hanger weight calculation only!!! If the Free Code is not specified for an anchor, the anchor is assumed to be completely free for the restrained weight run.

Free Codes are Free the anchor or restraint in the Y direction only. Free the anchor or restraint in the Y and X directions only. Free the anchor or restraint in the Y and Z directions only. Free all translational degrees of freedom for the anchor or restraint. X,Y and Z Free all translational and rotational degrees of freedom for the anchor or restraint. X, Y, Z, RX, RY, and RZ The last option usually results in the highest adjacent hanger loads, but should only be used when the horizontal distance between the hanger and the anchor is within about 4 pipe diameters.

Predefined Hanger Data When using the Predefined Hanger Data fields on the hanger spreadsheet, and there is more than one hanger at the location, use the Number of Hangers field to specify the number of hangers. Then enter the spring rate and pre-load applicable to a single hanger. There is no reason to try to compute the equivalent spring rates or theoretical loads. Pre-defined hanger data can be entered in one of two ways: All information for the hanger can be input.

Only the spring rate for the hanger can be input. If all information is input, the restraint configuration for the node is completely defined and it will not be included in the hanger design algorithm. For a position to be completely pre-defined, one of the following conditions must apply: spring rate and theoretical cold load constant effort support load Spring Rate and Cold Load.

The spring rate and the theoretical cold load effectively define a hanger location. If the user enters both, then the hanger location will be completely pre-defined by the user and no analysis level design for the hanger will take place.

The Theoretical Cold Load field should be left blank for the re-rate. If more than a single spring exists at the location, then the total number of springs should be entered in the No.

CAESAR II will go through its normal hanger design procedure to calculate the load and travel for all proposed hanger locations including the location with springs to be re-set.

The stiffness of the re-set springs will not be used for this re-design. It is up to the user to confirm that the new hot and cold loads are within the existing spring's working range.

The major use of the re-rate capability is to find new installed loads for old springs. Springs might be re- rated after the shutdown of a unit that has been operating continuously for a long period, or after mechanical or process changes have been made to a piping system. Current nozzle flexibility calculations are in accordance with the Welding Research Council Bulletin No. A valid nozzle node has the following properties: Only a single element connects to the nozzle node.

The nozzle node is not restrained and does not have displacements specified for any of its degrees of freedom. Computed nozzle flexibilities are automatically included in the piping system analysis via program generated restraints. This generation is completely transparent to the user. Six restraints are established for each flexible nozzle input.

If a vessel node number is defined, then the vessel node acts like a connecting node for each of the six restraints. Vessel nodes are subject to the same restrictions shown above for nozzle nodes. Note: The user should not put a restrainer on an element between the nozzle node and any specified vessel node. CAESAR II creates the required connectivity from the nozzle flexibility data and any user generated stiffnesses between these two points will add erroneously to the nozzle stiffnesses.

During the error checking of the nozzle flexibilities, all useful WRC curve data is displayed on the terminal. These values may be used to enter the illustrated nozzles in the WRC bulletin. It is sometimes helpful to know just how close a particular nozzle is to one of the several asymptotic limits, or to a curve boundary. Note: The user will only be able to see the WRC computed data during the error checking process with warning messages activated.

There should only be a single piping element connected to this node, and there should be no restraints acting on the node.

The nozzle element should be perpendicular to the vessel shell. Hillside nozzles and latrolets can still be modeled; however, the first possibly very short nozzle element that comes from the vessel should be perpendicular to the vessel to keep the local stiffness properly oriented.

The second, longer nozzle element can then go off on the true centerline of the nozzle. If the vessel node is given, the nozzle node will be connected via the stiffnesses to the vessel node. Vessel nodes are specified when the user wishes to model through the vessel from the nozzle connection to the skirt or foundation.

Nozzle Diameter. Outside diameter of the nozzle. Does not have to be equal to the diameter of the pipe used to model the nozzle. Nozzle Wall Thickness. Wall thickness of the nozzle. Does not have to be equal to the wall thickness of the pipe element used to model the nozzle. Vessel Diameter. Wall thickness of the vessel at the point where the nozzle connects to the vessel. Do not include the thickness of any reinforcing pad. Vessel Reinforcing Pad Thickness. Thickness of any reinforcing pad at the nozzle.

This thickness is added to the vessel wall thickness before nozzle stiffness calculations are performed. Distance to Stiffener or Head.

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