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Some of them are based on the maximum payable EMI while others are based on their carpet area. For example, a research conducted by Jones Lang LaSalle JLL Group lays down the minimum volume of habitation that should be followed while designing housing for different economic groups to make them affordable by the target groups. According to building code in India, any building is considered low-rise if it has upto 4 floors, medium rise if it has floors and high-rise if it has more than 11 floors or its height is more than 30m.

Other benefits include important landmark creation, efficient land use and the creation of unique skyline. The census defines a kutcha house as a house with mud, thatch walls and thatch roofs, i. Pucca house is the one of which predominant materials of the wall are burnt bricks, G. Sheets or other metal sheets, stone, cement, concrete etc. Generally, such houses will have either the wall or roof of pucca material. They are enumerated as under: Transit house These are privately owned houses which are rented on an hourly basis by companies for their employees who are travelling.

Extreme weather house Popularly made by using prefabricated structures, an extreme weather house incorporates all the necessary services in a compact and modular form. Portable Igloos are a common example of such houses. Typically, each person or couple in the home has an apartment-style room or suite of rooms.

Additional facilities are provided within the building. This can include facilities for meals, gatherings, recreation activities, and some form of health or hospice care. A place in a retirement home can be paid for on a rental basis, like an apartment, or can be bought in perpetuity on the same basis as a condominium.

They contain independent or shared living spaces and shared common amenities such as toilets, food and recreation areas. They are preferred by people who travel frequently for business purposes. The prominence of shortage among the lower income groups has been seen to increase in the past five decades.

As per statistics, 1 in every 10 persons in the rural sector does not have a house while in urban sectors, 1 in every 6 persons does not have a house. This is apparent in the urban sectors, that have become places of high concentration leading to the poor housing stock, congestion and obsolescence. Therefore, apart from quantity, the shortage also exists in terms of quality of housing. However, in the past three decades, the government policies have put a thrust on private sector participation in the supply and delivery of housing, leading to the stupendous growth of the residential real estate market.

Owing to market forces, the supply coming from the real estate developers mainly constitutes of the high-end luxury apartments, affordable only by the middle and high-income groups. As a consequence, the low- income housing development suffers neglect from both the government and the private sector. This underlines the disparity between the demand and supply of housing leading to outcomes such as slums, squatter settlements, urban villages and other illegal settlements.

These gaps between the demand-supply between urban and rural sectors and among various economic groups form the underlying cause of housing shortage in India. The Indian housing situation is characterized by a huge informal housing market. This is attributable to the traditional business practices eg Zamindari system, money lending system etc , unplanned growth, lack of formal sources of finance in rural areas and lack of affordability.

Owing to this, there are diverse construction practices that are followed throughout the country. While the diversity is also due to the difference in vernacular forms of construction, however, the urban communes are increasingly witnessing a rise in various forms of illegal construction.

Some examples are shown in the figures below. The ongoing urbanization has resulted in mass migration to cities and finding accommodation services in multi-story multi-dwelling buildings. This paradigm shift is mostly observed in cities and is very different from the rural and peri-urban areas where the preference is still for plotted independent housing development.

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Please check the form for more details on the cities where the exams will be held, the conditions you agree to when Category : Design Courses , Design Courses , It Courses Show more. Advanced Computer Architecture - This one of the popular NPTEL online courses for computer science will help you understand the fundamentals of computer organization easily. In that case, oxalic acids are not used and the heavy ends will not also get produced significantly and therefore process topology will be somewhat different from what is being shown here.

Is a partial condenser required in the acetonitrile azeotropic column? Ans: No, the reason is that the bottom product from the product splitter consists of heavy ends, acetonitrile and water and does not consist of lighter ends and HCN. Therefore, a partial condenser is not required and a total condenser producing two separate liquid phase streams that separate upon gravity is required.

A feed stock heater is not shown in the process. However, reactor operating conditions are indicate high temperature operation. How is the feed stock heated?

Ans: The heat for achieving the feed to desired temperature is provided by superheated steam that is mixed along with the feedstock. Typical feed molar composition is propylene 7, ammonia 8, steam 20 and air Additional heat for the reaction is obtained from the highly exothermic reaction in the fluidized bed catalytic reactor. What are the advantages of the fluidized catalytic reactor when compared to a packed bed reactor? Ans: It is well known that the heat and mass transfer coefficients of gases are predominantly lower than those of the liquids.

Therefore, fluidization principle effectively enhances bulk phase mass and heat transfer coefficients of the gas solid catalytic reaction. In other words, due to fluidization, less contact time that is required in the process, higher conversions can be achieved. The aldehydes can be subsequently subjected to hydrolysis to obtain short as well as long chain alcohols. These are o Dimerization of propylene to obtain 2-methylpentene o Isomerization of 2-methylpentene to obtain 2-methylpentene o Pyrolysis of 2-methylpentene to obtain isoprene along with methane as a side — product.

At these conditions, the mixture is in the liquid phase. From the flash tower a vapour and liquid stream are produced. The bottom product consists of propylene and dimerized product i. The top propylene product is then recycled back to mix with the fresh propylene feed stock and enter the mixer unit. The quenching then produces a gas liquid mixture which is sent to a phase separator unit.

What solvent can be used in the quenching process? Ans: HBr can be readily absorbed into water. Therefore, water can be used as a solvent in the quenching process. There is a patent available where it says that acetone can be used to recover HBr. More details can be obtained of this patent by furthering the search on the patent data base using the internet. In the process flow sheet given the HBr recovery is not shown.

Do you think the flow sheet is correct. Suggest any modifications to the flow sheet? Ans: Yes, the flowsheet has an error in that sense. The flowsheet should give a section for HBr recovery where HBr is recovered in the quenched solvent and the fresh HBr gas is allowed to enter the pyrolysis furnace along with the steam. The fresh solvent can be then sent to a cooler and sent to the quench tower and the existing recycle stream to the quenching tower will not be there. Instead, this stream will go to the stripper as a feed stream.

Can we not do heat integration partially for the pyrolysis furnace with the vapour products? Ans: HBr is very corrosive and therefore, if we go for heat integration using the vapour product, then the shelf life of the pyrolysis furnace will be minimized. Ans: Yes, and this is not shown in the process flow sheet.

Some impurities such as some light ends that might dissolve with the solvent will have to be purged, if not these can cause coking problems and can cause unwanted organics in the pyrolysis furnace reactor. What sort of regeneration would you recommend for the isomerisation catalyst? Ans: Heating the catalyst in oxygen or air to remove coke would be beneficial to regain the activity of the isomerisation catalytic bed.

Suggest what changes will be there in the process flow sheet if pure propylene instead of a mixture of propylene, propane and C1-C2 components is used? Ans: The C1-C2 tower and C3 towers can be replaced with a single tower after flash unit.

This new unit will separate all light ends in trace amounts in a single tower with middle product being 2-methylpentene and heavy ends as bottom product. Therefore, a complex distillation unit arrangement would be at the maximum required replacing three distillation columns in series. In that case, two molecules of aldehydes react to obtain a higher order aldehyde. Various applications of these compounds include plasticizers for polymerization reactions, solvents, detergent raw materials etc.

To do so, cold liquid stream obtained after phase separation is recycled. The phase separator separates the unreacted synthesis gas by considering the propylene in the feed stock to be limiting and the liquid product stream. The liquid product stream is partially recycled back to the reactor to serve as a diluent to control the temperatures in the packed bed reactor. The flow sheet presented corresponds to production of butanol from propylene.

If higher order alcohols are desired, how does the flow sheet get modified? In such case, the cold liquid stream from the phase separator enters the dimerization reactor to convert lower order aldehydes to higher order aldehydes. Suppose we wish to produce both short chain and long chain aldehydes and do not wish to produce alcohols then how does the process topology change? Ans: When both short and long chain aldehydes are required, then we have to allow the cold liquid from the phase separator to enter the dimerization reactor partially only.

Then the dimerization reactor product as well as the phase separator stream enter the decatalization unit to achieve catalyst recovery. Can the hydroformylation reactor be used as a dimerization reactor as well? Ans: Yes, in this way, we can produce all desired products in a single reactor and we can avoid dimerization reactor.

But the balance between cobalt and zinc catalysts will dictate the product composition palette. Why high pressure is required in the hydroformylation reactor? Ans: Higher pressures enable the formation of a complex between Cobalt and the hydrocarbons participating in the reaction. If higher pressure is not existent, the cobalt complex can decompose and this does not favour higher conversions.

Can the series of distillation columns in the separator network be replaced with a complex distillation column? Ans: Yes, this is possible and this is recommended as the light end and heavy end products are not significant in make and the aldehyde products are the actual products that are desired.

A complex distillation reduces the number of columns required, enables complex interaction between both vapour and liquid streams and facilitates drastic reduction in the cost. Therefore, catalyst regeneration needs to be carried out very frequently.

The product withdraw and stoppage of the feed flow to the reactor unit is carried out using valves. Air pre- heating is done using steam in an extended area heat exchanger equipment. Therefore during regeneration, another set of valves operate to allow the pre- heated air in and enable the product withdrawal after the combustion.

The hydrocarbon mixture consists of unreacted feed stock and butadiene and some heavy ends. The separation of n-butane, other hydrocarbons with butadiene is one of the difficult separations and they cannot be separated using ordinary distillation. Therefore, a complicated route of separation is followed next that involves azeotropic distillation using ammonia.

This solution is generated by absorbing ammonia into fresh cuprous ammonium acetate solution. The gas from the mixer settler unit is recycled to mix with the feed stock and enter the pre- heater. The regenerated fresh solvent is allowed to absorb NH3 and thereby enter the mixer-settler unit. Here, water interacts with ammonia and generates the ammonium hydroxide product as the bottom product and butadiene is obtained as the top product.

The water is recycled back to the butadiene purifier and ammonia is allowed to get absorbed into the fresh cuprous ammonium acetate solution.

This process is not followed in India. In India, it is manufactured from ethanol by catalytic cracking at oC over metal oxide catalyst. Can the steam generated in the waste heat recovery boiler be sufficient to pre-heat the air if a principle of steam reuse is adopted? Ans: From the basic principle of thermodynamics, somewhere heat needs to be added to the system.

If we presume that the feed pre-heater heats the feed to oC the desired temperature of the reactor and the catalyst is regeneration energizes the catalyst by oC from to oC , the flue gas should be able to generate some steam.

However, it can be speculated that the steam generated will not be enough to meet the total air pre-heater requirements. Therefore, some make up steam will be always required. Why is ammonia allowed to get absorbed into cuprous ammonium acetate? Ans: Ammonia absorption into cuprous ammonium acetate facilitates maximum absorption of butadiene. This is because ammonia in many cases enhanced absorption factors by allowing chemical interaction between molecules which is better than just physical absorption.

Why is the fluid recirculated in the quench tower? Ans: We are targeting gas quenching using a liquid in this process. Quenching a liquid with liquid is instantaneous but quenching a gas with a liquid needs considerable amount of time, and hold up time is very important.

Therefore, fluid internal recirculation is required in the vapour quenching tower. Why a cooler is used in the quenching tower? Ans: The quenching operation increases the temperature of the fluid that is used for quenching.

And we can see that the fluid is always circulated. Therefore, to do so, the fluid shall be cooled in between. Why compressor and cooler are at all required after quenching process? Ans: The unit following quench tower is absorption. Absorption is favoured at higher pressure and lower temperature. Therefore both compressor and cooler are required to achieve these conditions of favourable absorption. Why cooler is followed after compression but not vice versa?

Therefore, cooling is used after compressor but not vice-versa. If cooler is used before compressor then the gas entering absorber will be at a higher temperature and this is not favourable for absorption.

Explain in a more elaborate way what happens in the Butadiene purification fractionators? Eventually, it is also easy to strip the ammonia gas from aqueous ammonia solution. Why we cannot separate butadiene-butane mixture using ordinary fractionation?

Ans: Their boiling points are very close and distillation requires large differences between boiling points of the components to be separated. Further cooling of the stream is carried out using a water based cooler. The gas phase purge stream is for controlling the concentration of methane in the reactor.

The bottom product is then sent to a fractionator. The heavy end product consisting of unreacted toluene, diphenyl etc. Despite removing H2 and CH4 from the phase separator, why again we remove them from the gas stripper unit? Ans: This is due to the basic problem in the difficulty of sharp equilibrium factors which do not exist for these components.

The equilibrium separation factors in a phase separator unit where the governing pressure and temperature dictate the distribution of components in the liquid and gas stream. Mostly methane and H2 are removed as vapour stream in the unit. But still at the pertaining pressure and temperature of the phase separator, some lower order alkanes stay back in the liquid stream. Therefore, gas stripping is carried out to remove these.

Comment upon fuel efficiency in the process and possibilities to enhance it? Ans: The process should indicate maximum fuel efficiency. This can be achieved by a Heat integration of feed and product streams to the reactor b Re use of fuel gas streams as a fuel in the pre-heating furnace. If these two options are followed, then the process has maximum fuel efficiency and can be regarded to be very energy efficient.

Do you suggest toput one more distillation column for the heavy end compounds. If so why? While diphenyl acts towards favouring forward reaction, the other heavy end compounds could tend to produce more coke during the reaction.

Do you suggest any other alternative to eliminate the water cooler and even enhance the energy efficiency of the process? Ans: Yes, it is possible, but existing temperatures of the gas stripper bottom sections need to be carefully analyzed. This is also due to the fact that phase separator operates at psig and oF.

Therefore, heat integration with gas stripper or fractionator reboilers can be beneficial and this way the process can be made even more energy efficient. What is the basic problem of H2 in the reactor? Ans: Hydrogen causes embrittlement due to severe adsorption on the metal surface at higher pressures. Therefore, chrome steel is used to avoid these embrittlement problems as material of construction for the reactor.

Why is methane purged using the gas purge stream from the phase separator? Ans: The reaction kinetics dictate the maximum concentration of methane in the gas stream entering the reactor.

Therefore, to achieve maximum conversion, methane is purged. Ranging from solvents to polymers, phenol is required for several petrochemical processes as an important raw material. This is done by using nickel catalyst at oC and feeding hydrogen to the pre-purification reactor.

The product from this unit then mixes with the fresh cumene. The oxidation reactor refers to a gas liquid reaction between air Oxygen and the cumene. In this operation, water extracts the remaining acids in the organic stream and produces crude phenol stream. Water leaving the unit consists of acidified wash water. Why unsaturates are saturated before entering the oxidization reactor?