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As we shall see in Chapter 2, their writings were to exert an important influence up until the twentieth century. Indeed, in western Europe the translation of the Bible was to be the battleground of conflicting ideologies for well over a thou- sand years and especially during the Reformation in the sixteenth century. While the practice of translation is long established, the study of the field developed into an academic discipline only in the latter part of the twentieth century. In fact, from the late eighteenth century to the s and beyond, language learning in secondary schools in many countries had come to be dominated by what was known as grammar-translation Cook 9— Applied to Classical Latin and Greek and then to modern foreign languages, this centred on the rote study of the grammatical rules and structures of the foreign language.

These rules were both practised and tested by the trans- lation of a series of usually unconnected and artificially constructed sentences exemplifying the structure s being studied. This is an approach that persists even today in certain contexts. Typical of this is the following rather bizarre and decontextualized collection of sentences to translate into Spanish, for the prac- tice of Spanish tense use. They appear in K. Translation exercises were regarded as a means of learning a new language or of reading a foreign language text until one had the linguistic ability to read the original.

Study of a work in trans- lation was generally frowned upon once the student had acquired the necessary skills to read the original. Grammar-translation therefore fell into increasing disre- pute, particularly in many English-language countries, with the rise of alternative forms of language teaching such as the direct method and the communicative approach from the s and s Cook 6—9, 22— This led to the abandoning of translation in language learning.

As far as teaching was concerned, translation then tended to become restricted to higher-level and university language courses and professional trans- lator training. It is only relatively recently that there has been a move to restore translation to language teaching see Cook —53, for examples.

In s USA, starting in Iowa and Princeton, literary translation was promoted by the translation workshop concept. Richards — from the s and on later creative writing workshops. The translation work- shops were intended as a platform for the introduction of new translations into the target culture and for the discussion of the finer principles of the translation process and of understanding a text.

Another area in which translation became the subject of research was contrastive linguistics. This is the study of two languages in contrast in an attempt to identify general and specific differences between them. It developed into a systematic area of research in the USA from the s onwards and came to the fore in the s and s. Translations and translated examples provided much of the data in these studies e.

Di Pietro , James and later Connor The contrastive approach heavily influenced important linguistic research into translation, such as Vinay and Darbelnet and Catford , even if it did not incorporate sociocultural and pragmatic factors nor sufficiently the role of translation as a communicative act.

The continued application of linguistics-based models has demonstrated their obvious and inherent link with translation. Among the specific models used are those related to generative grammar, functional linguistics and pragmatics see Chapters 3 to 6. The more systematic, linguistic-oriented, approach to the study of translation began to emerge in the s and s.

The word science was used by Nida in the title of his book Toward a Science of Translating, a. Interestingly, in view of our discussion above of how the field evolved from other disciplines, the published version was an expanded form of a paper Holmes originally gave in in the translation section of the Third International Congress of Applied Linguistics in Copenhagen Holmes Holmes drew attention to the limitations imposed at the time because translation research, lacking a home of its own, was dispersed across older disciplines languages, linguistics, etc.

Crucially, Holmes put forward an overall framework, describing what transla- tion studies covers. This framework was subsequently presented by the leading Israeli translation scholar Gideon Toury as in Figure 1. It may examine: 1 the product; 2 the function; and 3 the process. Larger-scale studies can be either diachronic following development over time or synchronic at a single point or period in time. Holmes ibid. Issues that may be researched include which texts were translated when and where, and the influences that were exerted.

For example, the study of the translation and reception of Shakespeare into European languages, or the subtitling of contemporary cartoon films into Arabic. Nowadays it would probably be called the sociology and historiography of translation. More recent research using new technologies such as eye-tracking shows how this area is now being more systematically analysed see section 4.

Holmes notes that language-restricted theories e. Q Rank-restricted theories are linguistic theories that have been restricted to a level of normally the word or sentence. At the time Holmes was writing, there was already a trend towards text linguistics, i. Text-type approaches came to prominence with the work of Reiss and Vermeer, among others, in the s see Chapter 5. Q The term time-restricted is self-explanatory, referring to theories and trans- lations limited according to specific time frames and periods.

The history of translation falls into this category. Despite this categorization, Holmes himself is at pains to point out that several different restrictions may apply at any one time. Thus, the study of the prefaces to the new English translations of novels by Marcel Proust, analysed in Chapter 2, would be area restricted translation from Parisian French into English , text-type restricted prefaces to a novel and time restricted to Another area Holmes mentions is translation policy, where he sees the transla- tion scholar advising on the place of translation in society.

This should include what place, if any, it should occupy in the language teaching and learning curriculum. There are drawbacks to the structure.

The main merit of the divisions is, as Toury states ; 93 , that they allow a clarification and a division of labour between the various areas of translation studies which, in the past, have often been confused.

The divisions are still flexible enough to incorporate develop- ments such as the technological advances of recent years see Chapter Even a cursory glance at Figure 1. However, it is not difficult to expand it, as in Figure 1. The map is still often employed as a point of departure, even if subsequent theoretical discussions have attempted to rewrite parts of it e. Also, present-day research has transformed the perspective.

The different restrictions, which Toury identifies as relating to the descriptive as well as the purely theoretical branch in the discontinuous vertical lines in Figure 1. Inclusion of interpreting as a sub-category of human translation would also be disputed by many scholars. Yet it was precisely the split between theory and practice that Holmes, himself both a literary translator and a researcher, sought to overcome.

How easy is it to do so? Where would you locate your own work or studies in this schema? Contrastive linguistics generally fell by the wayside, but has resurfaced thanks to the advances in machine translation and corpus-based studies see Chapter Germany has seen the rise of theories centred around text types and text purpose the skopos theory of Reiss and Vermeer, see Chapter 5. The Hallidayan influence of discourse anal- ysis and systemic functional grammar, which views language as a communicative act in a sociocultural context, came to prominence in the early s, especially in Australia and the UK.

The late s and the s also saw the rise of a descriptive approach that had its origins in compar- ative literature and Russian Formalism see Chapter 7. A pioneering centre was Tel Aviv, where Itamar Even-Zohar and Gideon Toury pursued the idea of the literary polysystem in which, among other things, different literatures and genres, including translated and non-translated works, compete for dominance.

This dynamic, culturally oriented approach held sway for much of the following decade Chapter 8. The s saw the incorporation of new approaches and concepts: Canadian-based translation and gender research led by Sherry Simon, the Brazilian Cannibalist School promoted by Else Vieira, and postcolonial trans- lation theory with the prominent figures of the Bengali scholars Tejaswini Niranjana and Gayatri Spivak Chapter 8.

In the USA, the cultural studies-oriented analysis of Lawrence Venuti called for greater visibility and recognition of the translator Chapter 9. Inghilleri a, Wolf and Fukari , Rundle , Vorderobermeier and process-oriented research e.

Research activity, as well as the practice of transla- tion, has also been revolutionized by new technologies. These new areas include machine and automatic translation, audiovisual and multimodal translation, locali- zation and corpus-based translation studies see Chapter Furthermore, the international reach of the discipline has expanded enormously with research and training in Asia e.

Figure 1. Linguistic transfer of course still occurs within a sociocultural and historical context and institutional environment that place their own constraints on the process. A notable characteristic of recent research has been its interdisciplinarity.

Rather it is an entity that exists in the interstices of the existing fields, dealing with some, many or all of them. It is the Phoenician trader among the settled nations. Its existence is enigmatic in such a world; the enigma challenges us to rethink how we organise and institutionalise knowledge.

McCarty An interdiscipline therefore challenges the current conventional way of thinking by promoting and responding to new links between different types of knowledge and technologies. For us, translation studies would itself be the Phoenician trader among longer-established disciplines.

It has the potential for a primary relationship with disciplines such as: Q linguistics especially semantics, pragmatics, applied and contrastive linguis- tics, cognitive linguistics ; Q modern languages and language studies; Q comparative literature; Q cultural studies including gender studies and postcolonial studies ; Q philosophy of language and meaning, including hermeneutics and deconstruction and ethics ; and, in recent years, with sociology, history and creative writing.

Some current projects are also multidisciplinary, involving the participation of researchers from various disciplines, including translation studies. It is important to point out that the relationship of translation studies to other disciplines is not fixed.

This explains the changes over the years, from a strong link to contrastive linguistics in the s to the present focus on more cultural studies perspectives and even the recent shift towards areas such as computing and multi-media. Other, secondary, relationships come to the fore when dealing with the area of applied translation studies, such as translator training.

While the discussion has continued on interdisciplinarity e. Ferreira Duarte et al. Moreover, interdisciplinarity adds to the spread of paradigms and may, therefore, weaken further the status of [translation research] and [interpreting research] as autonomous disciplines. Gile 29 It is also true that translation studies has in some places been colonized by language departments driven by the perceived attractiveness of academic teaching programmes centred on the practice of translation but harbouring their own academic prejudices.

Ironically, this has also worsened the artificial gap between practice and theory. This ignores the fact that the practice of translation is an invalu- able, not to say essential, experience for the translation theorist and trainer. As the editors, with some understatement, pointed out in the introduction ibid.

Within this framework the choice of theory and methodology becomes important. See also the bibliometric study by Zanettin et al. Even the object of study, therefore, has shifted over time, from translation as primarily connected to language teaching and learning to the study of the circum- stances in which translation and translators operate.

Summary Translation studies is an academic research area that has expanded massively over the years. The discipline as we now know it owes much to the work of James S. Holmes, who proposed both a name and a structure for the field, but the context has now advanced.

The interrelated branches of theoretical, descrip- tive and applied translation studies initially structured research. Over time the interdisciplinarity and specialization of the subject have become more evident and theories and models have continued to be imported from other disciplines but also forged from within translation studies itself. In what contexts are they used?

How easy is it to define these terms? What do you conclude is the status of translation studies in your country? Carry out the same exercise with the van Doorslaer schema and compare the results. The ITS website at www. Q The importance of the translation of sacred texts. Q The vitalization of the vernacular: Luther and the German Bible.

Q The influence of Dryden and the triad of metaphrase, paraphrase, imitation. Q Attempts at a more systematic prescriptive approach from Dolet and Tytler. Q Schleiermacher: a separate language of translation and respect for the foreign. Q The vagueness of the early terms used to describe translation. Cheung, Martha ed. The aim of this chapter is not to attempt a comprehensive history of translation or translators through the ages; this would be beyond the scope of any book.

In this chapter, we focus on a select few of the readily available writings based on the criterion of the influence they have exerted on the history of translation theory and research. The list of further reading will note some of the others that have a justifiable claim for inclusion or that provide a more detailed account. Historically, there has also been a very strong tendency to concentrate on western European writing on translation, starting with the Roman tradition, although over the past decades there has been an ever-growing list of publications in English addressing the wider geographic framework and for a wider audience.

In the west, where the status of the Classical authors of ancient Greece and Rome remained pre-eminent, it formed the basis of key writings on translation for nearly two thousand years. And in so doing, I did not hold it necessary to render word for word, but I preserved the general style and force of the language. The disparagement of word-for-word translation came from others as well, such as the poet Horace, who, in a short but famous passage from his Ars Poetica c.

This attitude had great influence on the succeeding centuries. For the Old Testament, he decided to return to the original Hebrew. This was a decision that was controversial to those who maintained the divine inspiration of the Greek Septuagint, the commonly accepted translation of the older texts, in use among Christians Rebenich 53—4. By comparing the Greek Septuagint translation with the Hebrew original, Jerome noted points where the two versions differed.

Jerome rejected the word-for-word approach because, by following so closely the form of the ST, it produced an absurd translation, cloaking the sense of the original. The sense-for-sense approach, on the other hand, allowed the sense or content of the ST to be translated. To illustrate the concept of the TL taking over the sense of the ST, Jerome uses the military image of the original text being marched into the TL like a prisoner by its conqueror Robinson b: Indeed, Jerome is explicitly making some distinction between different text types.

The same concerns have been represented in other rich and ancient translation traditions such as in China and the Arab world. For instance, Hung and Pollard used similar terms when describing the history of Chinese translation of Buddhist sutras from Sanskrit see Box 2. Box 2. This was probably due not only to the lack of bilin- gual ability among the [translation] forum participants, but also to a belief that the sacred words of the enlightened should not be tampered with.

In addition to contorted target-language syntax, transliteration was used very liberally, with the result that the translations were fairly incomprehensible to anyone without a theological grounding. Syntactic inversions were smoothed out according to target language usage, and the drafts were polished to give them a high literary quality.

In extreme cases, the polishing might have gone too far, and there are extant discussions of how this affected the original message. He also set down rules governing the use of transliteration, and these were adopted by many of his successors. Aesthetic and stylistic considerations are again noted, and there appear to be the first steps towards a rudimentary differentiation of text types, with non-literary STs being treated differently from literary TTs.

Some of the issues, such as transliteration, relate most clearly to the problem of translation of foreign elements and names into a non-phonetic language Chinese. However, it should be stressed that Hung and Pollard later revised and extended their discussion, empha- sizing the changing context in which these translations were made.

For example, the third phase was marked by increased linguistic competence and theological expertise on the part of the monks and officials involved and by stricter regulation on participation in the translation forums. This is the second loss to the original. Now, cutting them off is the third loss to the original. Examining these commentaries with regard to the words [of the main text? Removing about 1, [of the words? Over recent years, there has been increased interest from the west in Chinese and other writing on translation and this has highlighted some important theo- retical points.

In many cases the Sanskrit version has been lost but the Chinese has survived, which of course means that there is no longer any way of checking against any supposed ST. These were centred on the translation into Arabic of Greek scientific and philosophical material, often with Syriac as an intermediary language Delisle and Woodsworth Once again, the terminology of this description is strongly influenced by the Classical western European discourse on translation.

Although this does not negate the applicability of the two poles of translation to the Arabic tradition, there are of course other ways of considering the question. Over the years, this saw the increased use of Arabic neologisms rather than the transliteration of Greek terms. Arab translators also became very creative in supplying instructive and explanatory commentaries and notes.

Instead, he emphasizes the social, political and ideological factors involved. He contends Gutas —50 that the wealth of texts increased the demand for transla- tors which in turn led to their greater professionalization and improved knowledge of Greek. These included the translations of the medical writings of Hippocrates c. Read the article by Krishnamurthy , available through the ITS website, for a discussion of the Indian tradition. Language and translation became the sites of a huge power struggle.

Latin, controlled by the Church in Rome, had a stranglehold over knowledge and reli- gion until challenged by the European Humanist movement of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Then, in the early fifteenth century, the Protestant Reformation of northern Europe, which was to lead to a huge schism within Christianity, began to challenge Latin through the translation of the Bible into vernacular languages. Even the mere act of translation could be considered a threat to the established order — for instance, the Index of the Spanish Inquisition prohibited the publication of the Bible in any vernacular language Barnstone An even worse fate lay in store for some of the translators who sought to make such texts available to a wider public.

The most famous examples are the English theologian-translator William Tyndale c. Tyndale was a formidable linguist who was said to have mastered ten languages, including Hebrew. His extraordinary English Bible, produced in exile, was later used as the basis for the Geneva Bible and King James version Tyndale was abducted, tried for heresy and executed in the Netherlands in Bobrick , Chapter 2. The revolution in Bible translation practice in Europe was galvanized by Humanist advances in the study and knowledge of Greek and Hebrew and of Classical scholarship.

The general climate of the Reformation and the new technology of the printing press meant that Bible translations dominated book production Bobrick Non-literal or non-accepted translation came to be seen and used as a weapon against the Church.

Luther played a pivotal role in the Reformation while, linguis- tically, his use of a regional yet socially broad dialect went a long way to reinforcing that variety of the German language as standard. Luther follows St Jerome in rejecting a word-for-word translation strategy since it would be unable to convey the same meaning as the ST and would some- times be incomprehensible. For her, theory was generally unconnected and amounted to a broad series of prefaces and comments by practitioners who often ignored, or were ignorant of, earlier discourse.

As a result: [t]his lack of consecutiveness in criticism is probably partially accountable for the slowness with which translators attained the power to put into words, clearly and unmistakably, their aims and methods. Kelly looks in detail at the history of western translation theory, starting with the teachings of the Greek and Latin writers of Classical Antiquity and tracing the history of what he calls ibid.

These were sites for contestation, depending to a large degree on historical context and on societal conceptualizations of translation.

So, the concept of fidelity or at least the translator who was fidus interpres, i. Indeed, it was not until the end of the seventeenth century that fidelity had come to be generally identified with faithfulness to the meaning rather than the words of the author. Kelly ibid.

Much later, spirit lost the religious sense it originally possessed and was thenceforth used in the sense of the creative energy of a text or language. In contrast to Amos, Rener makes a persuasive case for continuity in the early translation prefaces in the west. Grammar privileged words that exhibited the values of proprietas acceptability , puritas purity and perspecuitas clarity ; a word should be accepted as an inte- gral part of the language and commonly understood, it should have a long history and be employed in the texts of high-status writers.

The influence of this thinking persisted. A keen example of the importance of rhetoric can be seen in the Italian humanist Leonardo Bruni — , who translated philosophical works of the Classical Greek and Latin authors and occupied high ecclesiastical office. For him, such stylistic demands could only be met through the learn- edness and literariness of the translator, who needed to possess excellent knowl- edge of the original language and considerable literary ability in his own language.

Note his description of the move in translation from Early Modern literalism to Humanist style and rhetoric. See also Hermans At that time, apart from the Bible, translation into English was almost exclusively confined to verse renderings of Greek and Latin Classics. Because at that time translation had come to be valued as an exercise in creativity and novelty, some of these renderings were extremely free.

Such a very free approach to translation produced a reaction, notably from another English poet and translator, John Dryden — , whose brief description of the translation process would have enormous impact on subsequent translation theory and practice. Dryden thus prefers paraphrase, advising that metaphrase and imitation be avoided. See Venuti 52—3 for further discussion.

In general, Dryden and others writing on translation at the time are very prescrip- tive, setting out what in their opinion has to be done in order for successful transla- tion to take place. Other early writers on translation also began to state their principles in a simi- larly prescriptive fashion. Here again, the concern is to reproduce the sense and to avoid word-for-word translation. But the stress on producing an eloquent and natural TL form was rooted in a Humanist enthusiasm for the rediscovered Classics and a political desire to reinforce the structure and independence of the new vernacular French language.

The third law ibid. Tytler regards this as the most difficult task and likens it, in a traditional meta- phor, to an artist producing a copy of a painting. But it is unclear what that actually is. Tytler himself recognizes that the first two laws represent the two widely different opinions about translation. They can be seen as the poles of faithfulness of content and faithfulness of form, reformulations of the sense-for-sense and word-for-word diad of Cicero and St Jerome.

Importantly, however, just as Dolet had done with his principles, Tytler ranks his three laws in order of comparative importance. Such hierarchical categorization gains force in more modern translation theory. Thus, ease of composition would be sacrificed if necessary for manner, and manner could be sacrificed in the interests of sense.

These concepts became central to twentieth- century Chinese translation practice and theory. Hermans , online usefully discusses the range of meanings inherent in the three principles as well as the disagreements as to how these concepts align with western translation theory. Modern-day Chinese linguists have also criticized his principles for being vague and difficult to apply Chan Distinct from other translation theorists we have discussed so far in this chapter, Schleiermacher first distinguishes two different types of translator working on two different types of text.

This does not entail writing as the author would have done had he written in German. Thus can the TT be faithful to the sense and sound of the ST and can import the foreign concepts and culture into German Forster The dichotomy is assumed to have analysable meaning. This is the central epistemological weakness and sleight of hand.

These approaches form the core of the following chapters in this book. Case study 1 examines two examples of criteria for assessing translations. Description, analysis, and timelines for A Rose for Emily 's characters. Explanations of A Rose for Emily 's symbols, and tracking of where they appear. An interactive data visualization of A Rose for Emily 's plot and themes. Brief Biography of William Faulkner William Faulkner was born to a wealthy family in Mississippi, the oldest of four brothers.

His mother and grandmother, both avid readers and artists themselves, were among the early influences in his creative life, as was Caroline Barr, the black woman who raised and educated him. Both a high school and college dropout despite obvious intelligence and talent, Faulkner published his first book in , a collection of poetry entitled The Marble Faun , after which he dedicated himself exclusively to fiction, including novels, short stories, and screenplays.

Despite persistent financial difficulties and his crippling alcoholism, Faulkner would go on to complete a multitude of novels, including such masterpieces as The Sound and the Fury , As I Lay Dying , Light in August and Absalom, Absalom!

For his literary achievement, Faulkner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. He died some thirteen years later of a heart attack in Byhalia, Mississippi. Soon after the Reconstruction Era ended in , many Southern communities defiantly regressed to old cultural norms which involved aristocratic ideals founded on those established during the heyday of Southern slave-owning plantations and the marginalization and persecution of black Americans.

Sood d Justice Prem Nagar. Here we have shared some simple ways and Important tips to remember books and authors:. You can download the books and authors pdf by clicking on the download link given below.

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Leo Tolstoy, 2. William Shakespeare, 3. James Joyce, 4. Not only paradise. It is only about 8 square miles in size.

It Today, the people of Nauru struggle to is home to only about 14, people. Nauru build a new future for their country.

They have used to be very rich. This was because its land many ideas. One idea is to attract visitors in held a lot of phosphate. Phosphate is a natural search of a luxurious beach vacation. Visitors material used for farming and making new might bring money, and their presence might products. This from droppings of birds flying by! People will be a hard goal to accomplish because dug this unusual treasure from the ground.

Then they loaded it onto ships for transport However, the people of Nauru hope their tiny, around the world. The meaning of vast is 5. In this passage, luxurious means a very large. In this passage, transport means 6. Another word for accomplish is a the process of moving things. Another word for aggressive is 7. In this passage, the meaning of a weak. What happened to much of the land on Nauru? This passage was mainly written to a It was destroyed by birds.

Write Your Own Many people in Nauru want to encourage travelers to vacation on their island. Imagine you are writing a travel brochure for the area you live in. Write to persuade others to come visit. Use at least three words from Units 4—6. Write the word in the space document hazy monarch provided. Then explain what the words have in productive supreme vast common. The first one has been done for you.

Pay attention to the word in boldface. When I clean a fragile vase, I. To justify my opinion, I. My favorite meal consists of. We were able to overwhelm the other team because. To prepare for the festive event, we. A dog with a keen sense of smell can. Our class had to cancel our trip because. In order to settle our dispute, we. Whenever I face an obstacle, I. A flexible person is able to.

A miniature train set takes up. I had to withdraw from the competition because. The veteran spoke to our class about. The advertisement is misleading because. Whenever a mishap occurs, I try to. The athlete felt fatigue after. The apparent cause of the fire was. Writing Challenge Write two sentences using the word associate.

In the first sentence, use associate as a verb. In the second sentence, use associate as an adjective. Euge n i e C l a r k: Sw im min g w i th S h a r ks Biography N ine-year-old Genie leaned against the glass barrier and stared at the fish. Neon fish flashed by, and an octopus waved. Genie, however, stared mainly at the sharks. Imagine swimming with these graceful creatures! She went back week after week, always learning more about ocean life.

Soon she decided to become an ichthyologist, a scientist who studies fish. She was only in fourth grade, but Eugenie Clark calculated that there was nothing else that she would rather do than swim with the sharks. Eugenie Clark. She had degrees in marine biology and experience studying fish all over the world.

Eugenie Clark Since diving was the best way to study fish, Dr. Clark obtained some scuba gear. On one early dive, a large shark appeared and gave her a jolt. Swimming with sharks was fun, but Eugenie and divers. Together, these experts made the Clark also wanted to learn about them through Egyptian government and public aware of the experiments. To pursue this kind of work, she problem. Many Egyptians rejoiced when, as a started a marine laboratory in Florida.

Instead, she began to Over the years, Clark composed many dive in submersibles, or mini-submarines. For articles and even wrote a book about her Clark, the subs safely opened up new areas adventures that was called The Lady and the of the ocean for study. After all, diving deep Sharks. The through films and television shows. Always on intense pressure of the water can leave a diver the go, she did not appoint deputies to do the unconscious and senseless.

By contrast, a diver filming. Instead, she traveled the world to take in a submersible can descend thousands of feet part in it herself. During her travels, Clark often called Industrious as ever, Dr.

Clark keeps attention to threats to the ocean environment. Diving For example, she often dived in the Red Sea in submersibles, she continues to live her in Egypt. To save the reefs, sunken treasure chests and pirate loot, but Eugenie Clark teamed with Egyptian scientists rather the wonders of underwater life.

In Australia, Dr. Because we forgot to water the plants, they all. When I ride my bike on an unpaved road, I feel a with each bump. An action without meaning may be called. Something that poses an obstacle is called a. Add the cost of all the food and drinks, as well as the tax and tip, to the total cost of the meal. Calm yourself and quiet your mind to your thoughts.

A n number is a pretty large one. A n car starts up every morning, even in winter. To celebrate with delight is to. The robbers stashed their in an old refrigerator. Then write the considerable deputy industrious word in the space provided. He moved to southern France in , and there he produced many of his masterpieces. Van Gogh died in at the age of Today his paintings are in museums all over the world and are sold for millions of dollars.

They broke windows and neighborhood stores. Which is a barrier to success in 7. If you compose your autobiography, school? An industrious person could 8. You might feel jolted by a. A deputy would probably carry 9. People guilty of looting are a. It is senseless to try to count A balloon would quickly shrivel a. You might rejoice if you A reliable friend is one who a.

Which is a considerable sum? Which might be used to calculate? You can add the prefix pre- to calculate page 70 to make a new word. My teacher said my messy handwriting was. The phones in our house the cell phone that I carry. After I broke my leg, I was for a few weeks. I tried not to include any details in my report. My brother was of giving me a good reason for skipping breakfast.

It is to talk while someone is giving a speech. Write two words that begin with each of the prefixes pre-, in-, im-, ir-, and il-. Then consult a dictionary, either in a book or online, to check the meanings.

To Eugenie, these creatures and their surroundings are treasures of the sea. In this sentence, are treasures of the sea is a metaphor. A metaphor compares two unlike things without using the words like or as.

It says that one thing is another. Figure out the meaning of each metaphor in boldface. Write the number of each sentence next to its meaning. The assignment was a breeze. I was able to finish it very loud in only ten minutes. These lovely earrings are twinkling stars. I eat so much that my mother thinks my stomach is a without end or limit bottomless pit. The boom of fireworks was thunder in the night. It could be heard a mile away.

Write the meaning on the line provided. The shopping center was a sea of people. During the heat of the summer, the attic is a sauna. By the time we unpacked our camping gear, the garage was a disaster area. Even though they are brothers, their personalities are night and day. Essay C ars and taxis passed the eighty-four pink granite columns that stood like guards at the front of the station. Pedestrians approached place, they would build an office building and a sports arena.

The plan seemed to make financial sense, but little thought was given along an elegant arched passageway. The to train passengers. People would now have to waiting room was fifteen stories high and a board trains underground from small waiting block and a half long. In many ways, areas near the train tunnels.

For months, they Getting on or off a train here would strive to rescue it from the was an exciting thing to do. They pointed out By the s, however, that the station was an architectural fewer people were traveling by treasure.

It had played a key role train. They had found alternate in the life and history of the city. The Clock in Penn ways to travel. New meeting place. By the end of the decade, the owners of Unfortunately, no one could stop the Penn Station made a fateful decision. They tragedy. City officials enforced the wishes of would demolish the famous landmark. Onlookers gazed in horror as an members recognized that as a city changes architectural masterpiece crashed to the ground and matures, some older buildings do have to in dust.

In the end, New Yorkers resigned themselves Landmarks, however, must be preserved. They had, however, Ironically, by the s, train travel had learned a lesson: Landmark buildings had to picked up at Penn Station, especially among be saved.

A special landmarks commission was commuters from surrounding towns. The formed. Its the raging river of traffic. As predicted, few liked the cramped replacement. The post office is in the right place, and in some ways, it resembles the old Pennsylvania Station.

The plan may work, but the overhaul will be a very difficult and costly feat. To make people obey laws is to those laws. To break something to pieces is to it. An amazing act or deed might be called a n. On cold mornings, my favorite breakfast is a n bowl of hot oatmeal with brown sugar, cinnamon, and walnuts.

The decision that a jury gives at the end of a trial is called the. If you give up a job, you from it. Something that is first in importance, first in time order, or first in another basic way is called. In most games, players take turns or moves.

A frisky puppy can be described as. Athletes are more likely to win medals if they a. Once fruit is fully , it can be harvested. To try very hard is to. Then write the enforce feat hearty word in the space provided. The owner decided to it and build a new one. When one finished, the other began, so that construction went on from break of day until after the sun went down.

The worker was rewarded for his attention and diligence. To the Polls! In the Democratic race, two politicians challenged the two-term assemblyman for a place on the ballot.

Which is a verdict? An energetic performer might a. If you and your sister alternate 8. Which might be resigned? A primary concern is one that 3.

Which might be hearty? Who would enforce a leash law? If you are observant, you are 5. People who strive a. Which would be the hardest to 6. Which is a mature animal? Sometimes it also lists antonyms. You can use a thesaurus to find more leave depart, desert, interesting or more exact words for a given word.

Then look at the thesaurus entry for leave. Look for a synonym that can replace leave to improve the sentence. Think about the synonyms depart and resign. Then write two additional synonyms for the entry. Write the word on the line. It was cold the week before my swimming party. If I accidentally drop a book, I will surprise the readers in the library. The artist likes to make works of art out of wire.

The buses leave the terminal at P. The weather turned cold as the autumn season came to an end. The gardener will make a shed for all her gardening tools. Write a sentence about something that you did today. Then exchange sentences with a partner. Look for words in the sentence that could be more exact or more interesting. Use a thesaurus if you need to. The text described it as an energetic place full of activity and an exciting place to be.

In the passage, energetic describes a place, but the word energetic can also describe a person. Learning the words will help you choose the right word to use when you describe people in speaking and writing. They are effective, especially in difficult situations. Choose a word from the chart to identify the type of person described. A person who participates in several after-school activities 2. A person who complains about standing in line 3.

A person who is particular about how something is done 4. A person who is able to solve a problem creatively 5. A person who wants the corn and peas in separate dishes 6. Write a response using the word in boldface.

Think about a time you felt impatient. What made you feel impatient? At what time of day do you feel most energetic? Why do you think this is so? Some people are finicky about what they eat.

What are you finicky about? Do you think a cook should be resourceful? Explain your answer. At least, I always assumed she was. If you took a poll, most people would say athletes in 3-kilometer races in the vicinity of our are naturally competitive, but for some reason, school. In fact, a competitive spirit is a healthy never thought anyone would displace Denise as thing.

When Coach Karen told me after my last race. This was identical to what had happened at was completely empty except for one thought: the beginning of my last two races. All of a sudden, I felt line less than a meter ahead of Denise.

I had like winning! Running hard, I moved caught our breaths. I not have enough energy to finish. One thing was obvious. With each step, I saw the soles of her great race. Usually, my mind more—finally! Also, now go. I estimate how much energy I have left. This race, do it again. This time, my mind all about. Things that look exactly alike are said to be. A heavy snowstorm would produce a n.

To make an injury less painful is to it. A grocery store in your neighborhood is in the of your home. A cool, breezy morning might be described as. A person who is thoughtful of the feelings of others is said to be.

To learn the opinions of consumers, you might them. To take special care of something is to it. A rough calculation is also called a n. To move something aside is to it.

Rude behavior might be criticized as. To embarrass or disgrace someone is to that person. Then write the displace downfall estimate word in the space provided.

The mayor immediately denied the charge, declaring that she had never personally profited from her office. The mayor went on to win by a landslide. Some of these robes and the tents were made from buffalo hides.