Classification of antibiotics pdf download

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Antibiotics presentation. Bashar Mudallal Follow. Presentation on antibiotics. Antibiotic classification. Antibiotics ppt. US: Science Tech, Inc. Lambert PA. Mechanism of action of antibiotics. Pharmaceutical Microbiology.

Brock Biology of Microorganisms 13th ed. San Francisco US. Benjamin Cummings. Clinical relevance of bacteriostatic versus bactericidal mechanisms of action in the treatment of Gram positive bacterial infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases.

Southwick FS. Anti-infective therapy. Di dalam Southwick FS, editor. A clinical short course: Infectious Disease. Open navigation menu. Close suggestions Search Search. User Settings. Skip carousel. Carousel Previous. Carousel Next.

What is Scribd? Classification of Antibiotics. Uploaded by nurulhidayahguntur. Trimethoprim inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate premature termination of translation of mRNA [7]. DNA, then introduces negative supercoils and reseals the nicked ends. This process prevents the excessive positive super- rRNA of the 50S subunit. Hence, it inhibits the protein coiling of the strands when they separate so that transcription or synthesis by preventing binding of transfer RNA tRNA to replication can occur.

The A subunit is binded with high affinity by the A site of the ribosome [23,24]. Greater affinity for synthesis. This action results in the premature detach- this enzyme by the FQ may confer higher potency against Gram- ment of the incomplete peptide chains.

Lincosamides, positive bacteria. Instead of DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV in the streptogramins B and Macrolides show similar mechanism bacterial cell, mammalian cells possess topoisomerase II, which of action [7]. Examples of macrolides are azithromycin and has very low affinity for FQ, this leads to low toxicity to mammalian erythromycin. They have plasma elimination Half-life of hours. They are eliminated by both hepatic and renal mechanisms, they are filtered by the gomerulus but due to their high lipophilicity, they are reabsorbed.

Tetracycline class are not effectively dialyzed, thus dose adjustment is not necessary in patients with renal impairment [33]. Macrolide Macrolides are administered via oral route.

After oral adminis- tration, they are readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract if not inactivated by gastric acid. Macrolide have high bioavailability. They also possess high volume of distribution 1—2. Macrolides changes of a drug over a period of time. After the administration tend to concentrate in the spleen, liver, kidneys, and particularly of a drug, drugs undergoes ADME absorption, distribution, me- the lungs.

They concentrate in the bile and milk. In the blood, aminoglyco- cant route of elimination after parenteral administration [34]. The PK of elimination is independent of in the stomach and proximal small intestine. In the blood- the dose and route of administration.

In the above aforementioned fliuds, for almost all drugs considered. The reported value for protein binding range and minocycline can be given either orally or intravenously. Cephalospo- cycline drugs are distributed in tissues based on their lipophilicity. Tetracyclines administered via oral CSF of some third generation cephalosporins cefotaxime, route are absorbed in the stomach and proximal small intestine. Antibiotics and Drug Pharmacology 47 nated from the body via the kidney, though a few exceptions in- medication before completing the therapy, usage of antibiotics in clude cefoperazone and ceftriaxone which have significant biliary animal husbandry and the spread of resistant hospital strains due elimination.

Biliary excretion of cephalosporins is highly depen- to unhygienic lifestyle. Alteration of Targets, this usually affects ribosomes. Alteration of Membrane Permeability, this is caused by the Resistance to antibiotics change in the receptor that binds the drug. Antimicrobials have helped us deal with disease, but on the oth- 3. Development of Enzymes that inactivate antibiotics such as er hand, the improper use of these antimicrobials has created new beta-lactamase, aminoglycoside- modifying enzymes and difficulties.

Antibiotic resistance is the ability of bacteria to protect chloramphenicol acetyltransferases. The appropriate and was identified in [7]. Efflux pumps; Membrane proteins of Gram negatives that occurrence and spread of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. Alteration of Metabolic Pathway; Development of alternate metabolic pathway s. The under listed human factors has contributed to the develop- ment of resistance against antibiotics by bacteria; the prescribing Below is a table showing the summary of the resistance mecha- antibiotics too often, too long therapy or too low dose, the stop of nism of different antibiotics.

Table: Resistance mechanism of individual antibiotics Garima et. Antibiotics and Drug Pharmacology 48 Bibliography Park JT and Uehara T. Russell AD. In: Denyer S. A and German S. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 72 : Hugo and Russells pharmaceutical microbiology. Blackwell Science UK : Kahne D. Ebimieowei Etebu and Ibemologi Arikekpar. Chemical Reviews : Reynolds PE. Pharma- with different hydrophobic properties in the cat. Artzmittel ceuticals and personal care products in the environment: Forschung 34, — Health Perspect.

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