Mueller report small pdf download

However, in SLA research, it is often reported that L2 learn- ers do not have full capability of using all detailed characteris- tics of the phonological information of the target language cf. Gandour et al. Mueller falls back on the difference in use of phonemic in- formation in her explanation of the early negativity found for the native speakers on case violations. In addition to the N and the P which will be discussed later , she reports an early neg- ativity for native speakers only.

This negativity is interpreted as a phonological mismatch negativity, which seems to be a plausible interpretation, given the construction of the materials. Hence, the absence of an early negativity in nonnative speakers might be due to the inability to distinguish and recognize phoneme patterns in detail.

In this study, the nonnative participants actually exploited the more salient pattern of double nominative marking the double -ga in the comprehension of these sentences, but they were not capa- ble of recognizing the less salient double accusative marking the double -o , resulting in a difference with the native speakers. The absence of the negativity was explained as a result of a differ- ence in the closure positive shift, due to the less salient double accusative violation, which was not detected for the nonnative speakers.

She adopts the interpretation of the N in combination with the P from Frisch and Schlesewsky , who used a similar violation in German. Both sentences in 1 and 2 are ungrammatical because they contain two nominative noun phrases when one noun phrase should have been accusative.

A closer look at the examples in Mini-Nihongo gives the im- pression that this alternative interpretation also applies to the data of Mueller: No disambiguating information becomes avail- able regarding the relative prominence of the two arguments. Es- pecially because real Japanese is known to be a language in which animacy prominence and politeness hierarchies are strongly in- corporated Yamamoto, , it might well be that Japanese na- tive speakers anticipated for a lexical item in the accusative case as well as one being lower in prominence than the initial nomina- tive argument.

If the lexicon of Mini-Nihongo could be expanded with nouns that differ in animacy, it could be clarified whether native and nonnative speakers use animacy information to es- tablish a thematic hierarchical structure despite the confounding case information. Brain activity dif- ferences were, however, not restricted to the case violations.

The results indicated that L2 learners and native speakers were not equally proficient in the use of phonological information, possi- bly resulting in a difference in the processing of prosodic phrase structure.

Furthermore, the limited set of rules of a miniature lan- guage makes it harder to test language irregularities or less well- described linguistic phenomena e. It would be inter- esting to see whether more training and applying more sensitive methods to measure the proficiency level i. Mueller seems to be well aware of the limitations of her find- ings. Although at this moment her conclusion that the findings of the ERP studies clearly provide evidence for a strong version of the critical period hypothesis is definitely true, it remains un- certain what exactly triggered the differences between the native and nonnative participants.

Nevertheless, the approach of Mueller brought a source of infor- mation under attention that has not yet been the focus of many studies in SLA, namely prosodic phrase information. Further re- search will have to show whether this source of information will help us to crack L2 learning not only in a nutshell.

References Frisch, S. The N reflects problems of thematic hierarchizing. NeuroReport, 12, — Gandour, J. Temporal integration of speech prosody is shaped by language experience: An fMRI study. Human Brian Mapping, 20, — Hoop, De, H. Incremental distinguishability of sub- ject and object. Abraham, N. Noonan Series Eds.

Kulikov, A. Series Case, Valency, and Transitivity pp. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Lamers, M. The on-line resolution of subject-object ambiguities with and without case-marking in Dutch: Evidence from event related brain potentials. De Hoop Eds. What are the different categories of reports?

What are the qualities of an effective report? What are the different types of reports? When you think of reports, there could be dozens of variations that easily come to mind. For example, there are academic reports that students have to submit. If you need reports quickly—without sacrificing quality—you need Mueller.

With more than 40 years of experience in real estate reporting and risk assessment, we distinguish ourselves with a seamless blend of proprietary technology and professional staff to bring accurate and consistent reporting to the insurance and valuation industries. To bring you the best, we employ our own dedicated field staff—not subcontractors—who ensure that you always get the comprehensive data you need, and the personalized service you deserve.

No exceptions. Leo Noe founds Mueller in Buffalo, NY, growing a local team with the singular goal of revolutionizing data acquisition and reporting for the insurance industry. Mueller continues to be a family-owned business as Leo passes the company to his sons, John, Tom, and Andy Noe. Mueller grows to serve 23 states while maintaining superior standards of accuracy, reliability, and customer care.

Mueller establishes a network of more than 1, expertly trained and skilled field representatives.