Mcat verbal 101 passages pdf download

It has been said that animal experimenters "are using more and more animals whom they consider less 'cute', because, although they know these animals suffcr just as much, they believe people won't object as strenuously to the torture of a pig or a rat as they will to that of a dog or a rabbit". The author would probably disagree by saying that: 7.

The author contends that in order to judge whether we have the right to make decisions for other organisms, a researcher would need to determine: A. The autbor's argument that, "We cannot decide right and wrong, good and evil for those with whom communication is barred" lines , depends on the acceptance of which of the following premises? The passage indicates that its author would NOT agree with which of the following statements?

Animals communicate effectively through nonverbal means. The reaction to pain is culturally dependent and relative. An organism may look like us, behave like us and talk like us, yet not be like us at all. An animal's reaction to a certain stimulus might not lead us to believe that it is experiencing pain.

The first line, "When in the Course of human events" Passage II Questions elevates the declaration to an apogee of historical significance. It is not merely the fledgling utterances of a The preamble to the Declaration of Independence is a 5 few colonies attempting to be heard, but the birthing of masterful work of literary expression.

However, beyond the flowery eloquence lies great and significant meaning. No words are wasted here. As it wrote the Declaration with war looming on the horizon, the Continental Congress knew America could not withstand Britain's military might alone.

Of no less importance, "one people" demonstrates the separateness that existed between Britain and the Americas.

Already separated They would require allies and 60 foreign assistance. Nevertheless, they also lmew America could not receive assistance as long as the colonies were 10 Finally, as Stephen E.

Lucas expands upon in his essay, The Stylistic Artistry of the Declaration of Independence, As Samuel Adams explained, "no foreign Power can consistently yield Comfort to Rebels, or euter into any kind of Treaty with these Colonies till they declare themselves free and independent. This also served to remove the declaration from an act of civil war.

To help the colonies would constitute interference in Great Britain's internal affairs. This "one people" is America, also never "The most important word in the introduction is 'necessary',. Revolution was not merely preferable, defensible, or justifiable. Again, the Congress recognized that in order for the revolution to succeed it 70 must not only be allowed by other nations, but aided.

The pen; not only mightier than the sword, but a prerequisite for justifYing its use. The preamble establishes the documeut as a It is not some attempt to persuade and present the case for independence to a watching world, mdeed to "mankind", that the actions of these colonies are righteous and should he supported.

It is a bold statement "declaration". The Declaration goes so far in its assumption that all will see the validity in the revolution that only "a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. This was a not unimportant factor to an emerging nation well aware A. However, the issue, as the Declaration implies, is not one of interpretation, but of observation. The Declaration served to announce and convey only America's side on an issue of international law and sovereignty, and maintains this perspective the allies, required by the colonies, must perceive the manifest rightness of the independence efforts.

What does Samuel Adams' notion that "no foreign Power can consistently yield Comfort to Rebels, or enter into any kind of Treaty with these Colonies till they declare themselves free and independent" lines imply about foreign interference? Implicit in the statement that "a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to separation", is the idea that the Colonies: A.

That foreign Powers would not yield to Rebels in their own country B. That the Colonists considered themselves to be Rebels who were not yet worthy of a Treaty C. Once the colonies had proven that they could win, they could then expect foreign aid D. That foreign nations would not help the Colonies in a civil uprising According to the passage, the proper wording of the Declaration was critical to the Colonists' independence efforts because they: Which olthe following statements is NOT presented as evidence for the significance of the phrase, "one people"?

The phrase served to remove the declaration from an act of civil war. The phrase emphasized the characteristics of equality, justice, and liberty inherent in the new nation.

Though never mentioned by name, America is bound by the unification of the phrase. An appropriate theory of persua';on derived from the infonnation contained in the passage would state that effective written persuasion involves: 14, The passage suggests that the perspective presented throughout the Declaration: A. D, carefully addresses the validity of the arguments of both sides. II only. I, 11, and I and 1Il only. II and III only. Many ofthese arguments pertain to the lengthy federal guidelines for prison sentences meted out for 'what 5 10 15 20 55 is considered a relatively petty crime.

Others point out that marijuana is a drug that could, and should, be used for medicinal purposes. But most proponents of legalization ignore the mounting evidence which points to the long term damage to the user and for society as a whole. While the tablets or injections were slightly more effective than standard treatments their side effects, plus the recent development of new: more powerful drugs, makes them a poor choice for nausea relief.

In her study, "Cannabinoids were no more effective than codeine in controlling acute and chronic 60 pain and they had undesirable effects in depressing the central nervous system," comments Eija Kalso of Helsinki University Hospital. Yet, under mounting pressure, the U. Drug Enforcement Agency has In the Netherlands, marijuana has been legally available since However, more people have tried cannabis since it has been legalized.

At the Centre for Drug Research at the University of Amsterdam,Arjan reluctantly agreed to provide funds for once again testing 65 the efficacy of marijuana as a medicine.

One common finding of the medical research, however, Sas and Peter Cohen divided Amsterdamers surveyed regarding their marijuana use into two groups -- those that were born before , who were 18 or older in , and those that were born after , for whom cannabis has always been legal.

Only 19 per cent of the older people had tried cannabis, compared with 38 per cent of the younger group. It would seem then, that legalization promotes experimentation with cannabis, if not harder is that the few nseful components of marijuana might be 70 extracted and administered in an oral or injectable form. Given the commonly known dangers of cigarette smoking, the smoking of a filterless "joint" of marijuana seems a high risk exercise.

However, it is revealing to interview those who actually want to use marijuana as medicine. With few exceptions, they reject this simple finding and indicate that actually smoking the marijuana drugs.

This brings us back full circle For instance, one study surveyed the use of cannabinoids to combat nausea with problems are more likely to end up using marijuana marijuana use causes permanent physical, psychological, heavily?

Studies at the University of Maryland and UCLA indicated that the regular smoking of only two marijuana cigarettes a day would tend to promote toe fungus and 30 thrush.

But over the years, much stronger claims have surfaced: heavy marijuana users perform poorly at work or school, are more likely to be delinquent and develop 35 40 psychiatric problems, or have abnormal brain waves. Repeatedly, however, such studies encounter the same objection: are the problems caused by smoking marijuana, or is it just that people with problems are more likely to end up using marijuana heavily?

The author claims that, "Given the commonly known dangers of cigarette smoking, the smoking of a filterless "joint" of marijuana seems a high risk exercise" lines The support offered for this conclusion within the passage is: Marijuana is addictive.

But that, he says, is an oldfashioned definition of addiction. The claim that "Marijuana is addictive" line 38 , What is the author implying when referring to information that people who want to use marijuana necessitates which of the following conclusions?

Some users wilJ continue to use marijuana despite the dangers of toenail fungus. Some users want to SlOp or cut down their cannabis use and find it difficnlt or impossible to do so. That this is a legitimate alternative point-of-view B. That people who want to use marijuana are stupid C. That these individuals are more interested in C.

Some users who want to stop or cut down their cannabis use are able to do so without problem. That people with medical problems are more likely to end up using marijuana heavily D. Some users who want to cut down their cannabis usage begin by taking it in an oral or injectable form. Ao argument FOR tbe legalization of marijuana, mentioned in the passage but not expanded upon is: Which of the following is offered as support for the statement, "'marijuana's use as a medIcine has proven either inconclusive or tended to show that its side A.

Cannabinoids were only slightly more effective than codeine in controlling pain.. The central nervous system was depressed by marIJuana. Marijuana use causes toe fungus and thrush which, in tum, causes emotional damage. The DEA has reluctantly agreed to provide funds for further testing.

Assume that the following statements are true. Which one is inconsistent with the assertion that "legalization promotes experimentation with cannabis, if not harder drugs?

In the Netherlands, hard drugs are more difficult to find than in In the Netherlands. In the Netherlands, prior to , drug use in general had diminished. People who live in Amsterdam corne into contact with a wider variety of recreational drugs nowadays. Passage IV Questions 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 The plan is in response to the state's perceived explosion in health care spending.

The plan's savings come largely in the fonn of deregnlating hospital's rates and reducing subsidies for hospitals' medical training Under the plan, rate regulation for private insurance will be phased out, and will eventually be replaced by competitive bidding. Thus, insurance companies will be able to negotiate bulk rate discounts with individual hospitals In addition, Medicaid subsidies for medical training at state hospitals will be reduced 55 60 This plan can be expected to save some money, particularly for New York State itself, through the reduction in Medicaid subsidies.

Unfortunately, it probably won't achieve a truly dramatic savings aside from the Medicaid savings from the subsidy cut In , New York's growth in hospital costs has only slightly exceeded that of most other states, which operate on a competitive system Undoubtedly, the greatest impact will be felt by the uninsured - often the poor and elderly.

Since they do not enjoy the negotiated rates set by insurance companies, costs to the uninsured may rise to cover hospitals' reduced profits on insured patients Simple economics dictates that uncompensated care will be reduced as a result of lower profit margins.

However, the plan does not take into account the historical fact that, of the increase in the cost of medical care over the past 17 years, the portion attributable to rising salaries among doctors and other hospital staff amounts to only The unavoidable fact remains that, if Americans insist on receiving state-of-the-art treatments, the money will have to come from somewhere. The major concern is that this plan will shift rather than reduce medical costs, which creates winners 'and losers.

Among the winners will be, predictably, the state itself, which will reduce the amount it pays for hospital's training subsidies through Medicaid the nationwide program which subsidizes medical care for low-income residents, particularly through emergency hospital care.

Insurance carriers are also expected to benefit; by exploiting the state's high concentration of hospitals, insurers will probably be able to negotiate discounts for the insureds' hospital care, thns cutting costs and increasing their profit margins.

Those insureds themselves may also share in the savings, depending on what percentage of the discounts will be passed along to consumers. On net, it is anticipated that most will probably enjoy somewhat lower premiums. The passage argnment suggests that which of the following might benefit from the proposed plan? Much of the "savings" will fall on the shoulders of New York City, which will have to scramble to subsidize costs for the poor and uninsured, who will be turned away from hospitals Hospitals may opt not to turn away any and, in fact, will be prohibited from turning away certain extremely low income patients, whose right to certain emergency care is protected by the state's Hill-Burton law.

Of course, should hospitals continue to offer access to the uninsured, they will effectively be subsidizing the poor, and will be rewarded with lower profit margins. Some may be forced to close. Insurance carners III. According to the author, the governor's plan "probably won't achieve a truly dramatic savings" lineI9.

Tbe primary argument given is that: Which of the following statements, if true, would most directly challenge the assertions of the author? Deregulation and competition in an economic system invariably leads to greater efficiency, productivity, and savings. Most health consumers in New York can be expected to benefit from somewhat lower insurance premiums.

It is possible that hospitals in New York City may have to close regardless of how well the plan works. New medical technologies help prevent long-term debilitation and subsequent intensive care of many patients, thereby proportionally reducing medical A. New York's growth in hospital costs are the result of Medicaid subsidies.

According to the passage, the decisive factor in determining whether a patient in New York City will be turned away from the hospital is whether this person requmng care: costs. Assume that the telephone industry, which had been heavily regulated, was subsequently deregulated and forced to operate on a competitive system. History shows that consumer telephone rates thereafter skyrocketed and efficiency diminished, never again approaching the lower rates or greater efficiency achieved during the period of regulation.

This finding: A. Passage V Questions Among the componeots of the popular judicial image, which has engendered our enduring cultural respect for judges as lawgivers One ancient example is the 5 juxtaposed attributes of the Greek goddess Athena, the ideal 'judicial" figure of the Greek world.

Some of those attributes, since lost to the common law tradition, may lend new legitimacy to the current legal system if rediscovered. Athena's essential nature is fundamentally divided; she is at once of the people and impossibly above them. As a paragon both of wisdom and of war, she is wiser and more erudite than any mortal. Her identity as a woman is surprising in a role once reserved exclusively for men; it distances her from the commoners and imparts mystique, just as her mythic virginity adds to her aloofness from the people.

At the same time, she is more "masculine" than any male; she is a perfect warrior and leader. Yet what is strikingly incongruous with the modem image of a distant apulitical judge is AtHena's simultaneous civic involvement in the community, as a religious and judicial administrator.

The AngloAmerican common law judicial tradition has largely abandoned Cicero's early vision of a legal scholar active in the political and civic community, in favor of a bench composed of distant scholars, physically and intellectually aloof from the litigants before them. While this self-selected persona has consciously increased the mystique and reverence of the lawyer-judge, it bas done so at the expense of trust and popularity.

Furthermore, this choice has largely preempted one possible judicial role, tbat of tbe community mediator, whicb is tbe judicial tradition Atbena represented. For all ber superhuman wisdom and power, she is ideally sluted to judge by fiat, yet she consciously legislates by consensus, in early Hellenic "courtroom dramas," she is 40 often pictured selecting a jury of citizens to help her in her decision, then persuading the losing side to accept her decision.

Such mediation -is often useful in modem neighborhood disputes where the full force of the law would be too heavy-handed, as in neighbor "nuisance" 45 suits and intra-familial disputes. It offers the advantages of allowing the parties to have their day in "court," but its structure - having the mediator aid the parties in reaching their own agreement, rather than handing down a judgment from above - encourages active participation, 50 and likely leaves both parties more satisfied with their outcome than would a judicial decree The discussion of Athena and the current legal system includes the assumption that: Which of the following is not explicitly provided in the passage as a descriptor of Athena?

Passage I Questions 5 10 15 photon a particle of light. The slope with respect to the time axis gives the speed of light. Since this slope must 40 be the same for all observers, observers that move in the x, y, or z direction will experience time more slowly than those that remain still. Imagine a Cartesian coordinate system of threedimensional space with axes pointing up and down, left and right, and forward and backward.

Any point in this space can be described by three terms: the displacement to the left or right x , the displacement forward and backward y , and the vertical displacement 2.

We can draw a line in this space between any two points, and the distance between the two points is equal to the length of the line.

However, life is animated, and just knowing the distance between two points cannot adequately represent animation. In order to describe life, we must have a fourth axis. If a living creature is traveling along our tine we can also ask, "At what time is the creature at a given point? Like the other axes, the time axis is necessarily perpendicular to all other axes such that movement parallel to the time axes 20 does not change the value of any coordinate but time.

It is important to note that a point with coordinates x, Y. Moving near the speed of light would slow time for the traveler, allowing him to arrive years in the future after what would seem like only moments to his body. But what about going If space and time are truly backward in time? The answer may lie, not in the characteristics of the space-time continuum, but in the phenomenon of light itself. Time may be an illusion of our perception of the space-time continuum, which seems to be intricately tied to the movement of iight.

Photons themselves appear to us to have a direction. Light floods a dark room, but cannot be absorbed to create darkness. Or can it? An examination of the human sensory system reveals that we are not equipped to sense light retreating from us. We may routinely move backwards in time without being aware. The space-time continuum may be a four dimensional stone in which our past, present, and future is etched for US to continually relive each time as if it were the first. Einstein's theory of relativity tells us that time and space are part of the same entity called the space-time continuum.

In such a continuum, time and space are indistinguishable. Our previously described space is a model of this space-time continuum.

Einstein also theorized that light moves at a constant speed in a vacuum regardless of the perspective of the observer. In our space-time continuum. Which of the following assertions is most clearly a thesis presented by the author?

Time travel is not possible. A I axis is necessary to describe life. A t axis must be parallel to at least one other axis in the model. Humans are not equipped to sense light. Which of the following statements is true concerning the four axes coordinate system described by the author? Knowing the d. All axes are perpendicular to all other axes.

Photons do not appear to us to have direction. I only B. II only C. I and only D. Which of the following scientific advances would most seriously challenge the hypothesis involving the "space-time continuum" lines ? Association of time and space characteristics B. Proof of Einstein' s theory ofrelativity C. Further correlation of the consistency of light speed D.

Confirmation of characteristics distinguishing time from space 4. According to the passage information, what would if one were to travel near the speed of light?

This person would remain perfectly sttll. This person would travel back in time. Time would slow for this person allowing him to travel into the future D.

Time would accelerate for this person allowing him to travel into the future. If the author of the passage is right that the' "space-time continuum may be a four dimensional stone in which our past, present, and future is etched for us to continually relive" lines , then it follows that: A. Passage II Questions 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 The most obvious way for founders of charitable foundations to instruct and control the trustees who administer the foundation's daily activities is for the founder to specify his intended aims for the foundation, through its charter documents.

These intentions can be enumerated affirmatively by outlining trustees' explicit duties , or uegatively by listing those acts which the founder prohibits them from doing. The more explicit the founder's instructions, the less room there is for trustee opporttlllism.

At the same time, explicit aims and prohibitions decrease the trustee's flexibility, and an overly rigid set of instructions may cause the foundation to become obsolete or be dissolved, particularly in light of changing circumstances.

For example, if a prosperous buggy-whip manufacturer endowed a foundation which is only empowered to grant scholarships to apprentice buggy-whip makers, the social impact of the foundation will dwindle as the number of apprentices falls. Finally, when there are no more such apprentices, the founder's heirs would be able to petition the courts to dissolve the foundation and assign its assets to them.

Under the legal doctrine of "cy pres" "close enough" , when changing circumstances render a founder's stated purpose impossible, illegal, or highly impractical, courts may allow trustees to apply the foundation's endowment toward related charitable purposes, so long as they find that the founder's intent was to fund similar charitable projects, rather than the original project exclusively.

Such agents are likely to better understand - and respect - the founder's intent. Once elected, though, most trustee boards are selfperpetuating. Members are routinely re-elected until they die or retire; when they do; the remaining trustees select a replacement.

There are methods to prevent trustee entrenchment. Some foundations require term limits for trustees, or require retirement at a certain age.

This may be effective in preventing entrenchment, but is indiscriminate between capable and dishonest trustees. A less mechanical arrangement is to require some "outside" trustees to be selected by independent organizations, corporations, or political divisions.

An even more rigorous system of accountability was devised by the Richardson Foundation: it allows donors to elect trustees annually, giving them votes proportional to their dollar contribution to the foundation for that year.

This lets those with the most invested in the foundation run it, and probably encourages increased donation by founders seeking to take control ofthe board. Where founders wish to give guidance about their recommended aims without the risks of limiting the foundation's usefulness or causing it to fail, they can attach a "letter of gift.

The foundation documents also include provisions for removing trustees for misbehavior, either by specifying objective infractions usually absenteeism which require dismissal, or else by allowing the board of trustees to remove individual members for cause by majority vote.

However, oddly enough, the law usually denies the founder any right to sue trustees for failing to enforce the tenns of his foundation. Of course, the founder wields the most power in his initial selection of the original trustees. The founder may sue the trustee. By a majority vote, the trustee may be removed. A "letter of gift" line 34 would most likely be used when: A. Since this activity is no longer possible, the court would mosllikely: What assumption is implicit in the idea that, "An even more rigorous system of accountability That those donors who have more money to invest will not want to take control of the board.

That those donors who see to take control of the board will be more accountable. That donors are motivated by accountability. That those who have the most invested in the foundation are motivated by founders seeking to take control ofthe board. According to the passage, "Some foundations require term limits for trustees, or require retirement at a certain age" lines However, this might be disadvantageous to the founder because: A.

Assume that the wealthy buggy whip manufacturer's heirs would prefer to inherit her wealth rather than see it donated to another 'charitable purpose' where none of them is employed as one of the well-paid trustees. Which of tbe foUowing hypotheses does this assumption suggest? According to the passage, the "founder wields the most power in his initial selection of the original trustees" lines for aU of he following reasons: I.

The trustees are prohably all going to be personally known by the founder. The founder is likely to appoint himself as a trustee. The intent of the founder is most likely to be respected by these trustees.

II only B. I and II only C. The passage suggests that its author would probably disagree with which of the following statements? There are advantages and disadvantages in very explicit instructions by the founder. Very explicit instructions by the founder are invariably disadvantageous.

Very explicit instructions by the founder may cause the foundation to become obsolete. Heirs would have a greater chance of dissolving a foundation which was based upon overly rigid instructions.

The trustees would be disappointed at a judge's cy pres ruling. The heirs would go to court in an attempt to obtain a cy pres ruling. A cy pres ruling would satisfy both tbe trustees and lhe heirs. Tbe heirs would be dismayed at a judge's 'Y pres ruling. Passage III Questions 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 Sigmund Freud, the "Father of Psychotherapy," is often criticized by modern psychology for the fanciful nature of his theories, which do not seem to have any verifiable basis in either psychological experimentation or normal people's conscious thoughts.

For example, the "Oedipal complex" which supposedly drives all men to desire to kill their father, in order to mate with their mother seems to appear only in a single Greek myth, rather than in real life. Correctly, American psychotherapy has largely rejected Freud's theories, but his lively and inventive story-telling ability ensures that his influence lingers on in the popular understanding, with serious implications for women.

Freud's famous remark that "anatomy is destiny" means that a woman's anatomical "limitations" the vagina is seen as a lack of a penis, supposedly a cause of "penal envy" doom her to contribute little towards civilization's material progress. Accordingly, he states that the taming of fire was the first step to civilization.

But then, Freud invents a bizarre theory of why it had to be a man who first tarned fire: men, he says, view flame as a rival phallus, and instinctively desire to extinguish it by urinating on it, which gives them the subconscious impression of winning a quasi-homosexual competition.

Under Freud's theories, in order for a person to create contributions to civilization "sublimation" must occur That is, the instinct toward sexual gratification must be suppressed, so that sexual energy can be channeled into materially productive work. This ability was unimportant in itself, except that it carried with it the simultaneous possibility of not utilizing that ability "self-suppression" , which would make sublimation possible. Women, because they could not fulfill the instinct, could not suppress or sublimate it either, so they were assigned the role of guardian of a hearth-flame that they were powerless to extinguish.

Freud's presentation of his theory deliberately complicates tracing the "role" given to women back to any particular agent, so that their inferior role is meant be seen as natural and immutable. Furthermore, this perpetuates the common ascription of passivity to women and activity to men, a mote that Freud finds unpalatable in other works but overlooks in his own. The results of women's limits being attributed to a natural inequality, are that any differences in the social status of women are i made to seem beyond correction, ii made to be beyond grievance, since the agent is nature itself and iii pennanent.

Feminist theorists, like Simone de Beauvior, have made some inroads against the influence of Freudians. While de Beauvior concedes that women might be at a slight biological disadvantage by the demands and dangers of pregnancy and menstruation, she argues this slight dIfference is insufficient to account for the completely inferior role assigned to women by social constructions.

Her Second Sex progresses from "biology" to the greater influence of societal constructions. This is what she means when she says.

It seems directly targeted at them, since it presents no limitations for men in creating civilization, but ascribes to women a necessarily lower potential for sublimation-induced achievements, such as art and science.

For which of the following conclusions does the passage offer the least support? Freud's theories were fanciful. Freud believed that men were the first to 'tame' fire. Freud believed that women were supposed [0 protect the hearth-fire. Simone de Beauvior felt women were superior to A. Freud proved that women were protective towards the hearth-fire. There is no relationship between women and the fire. Men will continually put out the fire by winating aD it.

Women have been assigned the role of guardian of the hearth-fire. Given the claims made in the passage, the expressions, 4'one is Dot born. Freud believed that sex was man's primary motivation. Freud apparently felt that nature was an antagonist. Freud's ideas were quickly rejected by American psychotherapy. According to one of the positions presented, any differences in the social status of women are i made to seem beyond correction and, any differences in the social status of women are made to be beyond Suppose that the maJonty of Freud's research and theories are based upon dream analysis and a person's unconscious thoughts.

Though women have a right to complain, this will not change their status. Only through asserting themselves, not hy A. Freud was the "Father of Psychotherapy". Freud's theories do not seem to have any verifiable basis.

Women cannot change their lot and there is no one C. Women are the only ones who can change their lot, but they must speak. Which of the following opinions would the author be most likely to endorse? Simone de Beauvior is not really a feminist. Freud had some very strange theories, which are stilI influential in some circles.

Freud's contribution to psychotherapy is inestimable. When Freud wrote Second Sex, he had no verifiable bases for his theories. Passage IV Questions 5 Joining two pieces of wood has always presented challenges to wood furniture makers and anyone involved with cabinetry. The organic aspects to this building material, while lending themselves to strength, lightness, and beauty, create their own specific problems to joinery. A poorly planned and constructed piece of wood furniture will literally tear itself to pieces if it does not overcome the method ofjoinery itself 55 During its life as a tree, wood was an ever changing, hving and breathing piece of material.

Simply cutting down the tree and converting it to boards does not rum it into an inen substance. Unlike metal or stone, throughout its existence any object constructed of wood undergoes constant movement in the form of expansion and 15 contraction of every member in that piece. This is due mainly 10 changes in the humidity of the environment.

These changes in turn change the moisture content of the wood. Predictably, an increase in the ambient humidity surrounding the piece of furniture is associated with an 20 increase in the relative humidity of the wood furniture in the area. As the relative moisture of a piece of wood increases so too does its size; the piece expands. In an arid environment, the piece of wood will contract over time.

An example of the kind of power that moisture and 25 wood exert can be seen in Italy where huge blocks of marble are separated by placing wooden wedges in cracks and then pouring water over them, with predictable irresistible results. Of course, a properly chosen wood finish will affect the degree of change in the piece, to a 30 greater or lesser degree.

Interestingly though, ir will never completely negate it. However, more critical is an understanding of exactly how the dimensions of the plank or board will change. The dimensions of any board do change predictably, but do not change uniformly. A plank of black cherry wood, six feet long, eight inches wide and one inch thick can be used as an example. Generally, the dimensions of this board will change over time least along its six-foot length. The most significant change will be along its eight inch width, followed by ils thickness.

The differences are not due to the differences in size. The caveat Ugenerally" is used here because these changes are based upon the way that the board was cut from the tree.

The now more commonly used method of plainsawn boards and planks can be identified from the quarter-sawn planks by the pattern of grain on the end of each board. The prominent grain or rings on quartersawn boards will appear as lines, which are perpendicular to the width of the board and parallel to its thickness. Long grain lines or rings running parallel to the width of the board characterize the grain of the common plainsawn board.

These are most often curved and immediately recognizable as the growth rings of the tree itself Given two pieces of wood to join. Only after determining how the pieces will move and change size should the secondary aspect of the wood's beauty be taken into consideration. This book however prepared me for the mcat in that it shows you what to look for in the passages and how to answer them through the detailed explanations to the logic behind the correct answer choices.

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Just read it like you would a cars passage. Submit a new text post. Share this post Link to post Share on other sites.

Please email if interested. Already have an account? Contact by email if interested. There were literally questions where the answer was explicitly stated in the passage, yet the EK answer was different.

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