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Jordan was just an ordinary boy but with a passion. When he was young he saw a mural in his school that depicted the 7 summits, and that got him going. When he showed his parents how passionate he was they supported him every step of the way, literally.

They This book about Jordan Romero is an extraordinary tale of the youngest boy to climb the 7 summits, the highest points of each continent. They climbed every mountain with him and at a pace so fast that many other climbers were surprised. He climbed Kilimanjaro at the age of 10, and Denali at the age of 11, and even mount Everest at the age of This is a great read for anyone that loves the outdoors, and gives an extreme amount of inspiration, that with hard work and effort, anything is possible.

May 11, Megan Westerlund rated it liked it. I have always enjoyed reading, both inside and outside of school. I usually read mysterious novels or anything that includes suspense that always keeps you interested, wanting to read more.

However, I wanted to expand my reading to genres outside of my comfort zone. After awhile, I began to lose interest, but I was determined to finish the book.

I wanted to know the challenges and obstacles he was going to overcome. To add to that, I was interested in the scenery and what the world had to offer. Overall, the book was very inspiring and motivational. This was not the usual mysterious kind of story or a romantic kind of story, but it was all about setting goals.

The motivation Jordan had at 15 years old to climb the seven summits was incredible. I think that Jordan's story is motivational for everyone, chase after what you love to do and have clear mindset and the right people around you, and anything will be possible.

Over the years I've become more interested in true stories, novels that are relatable or interesting because the reader knows that what may have seemed impossible to them has been accomplished or has been dealt with.

I would definitely recommend this book to young adults. I would've liked a more in depth understanding of Jordan's surroundings as he traveled the world, however, this book was inspiring and I liked how real the novel was. There are struggles in life but how we deal with them is important. Sep 01, Emma Hefner rated it it was amazing. This is one of my favorite books because I felt personally invested in his life. Every time Jordan's dream of climbing the tallest mountain in each continent got closer and closer, the more I wanted to finish the book and see how it turns out.

I love reading books that I am not entirely sure if I would like and then I end up loving them. I am not interested in climbing at all, and yet, this book turned out to be one of my favorites. I definitely recommend this book to anyone who loves a success This is one of my favorite books because I felt personally invested in his life.

I definitely recommend this book to anyone who loves a success story. May 17, Clay rated it it was amazing. Have you ever had a lifelong dream when you were younger?

When he was in fourth grade he had the idea of climbing the Seven Summits. He said he would do whatever it takes to make it come true, but is this too big of a challenge for him at such a young age? Jordan Romero is a hard working, goal setting, strong kid.

He is an awesome kid and I think that every kid would want to be like him. If he has a goal in mind, he will Have you ever had a lifelong dream when you were younger? If he has a goal in mind, he will do whatever it takes to get it done. In this case he wants to climb the Seven Summits so he will have to train in high altitudes, bike to stay in shape, and go on runs everyday. He trains in cold weather, warm weather, and sometimes he even sleeps on top of the local mountain in his town to get use to the altitude.

You never know what mother nature will do to you. You have to expect the unexpected and go with it. On one of his climbs he is staying on the mountain and it is degrees.

That night they go 3 inches of snow. He wants to end it all right there and go home. Will this weather make them go back down the mountain and summit a different day?

I really like this book because it made me want to set big goals in life. Jordan really did a good job writing the book and telling every detail about what happened on his journey. I like running myself so the way he trains makes me feel like I need to try harder. This book will make you want to do things better in life. One of my favorite parts of the book is when people start find out about Jordan. People all around the world start to hear about Jordan and when they see him they want to take a picture.

He got interviews on TV, radio stations, and Facetimed famous people to tell them about his experience. I really think that you should read this amazing book and reach for your goals. Jul 17, Peggy rated it really liked it Shelves: non-fiction , memoirs , ya , contemporary , adventure , action-driven.

Jordan Romero was fascinated by a poster in his elementary school of the Seven Summits, the highest mountain peaks on each of the seven continents. When he was nine years old, he announced to his parents that he wanted to climb the Seven Summits and he wanted to start training immediately. Jordan was familiar with what training involved; his father and stepmother were adventure racers.

They traveled the world racing by foot, bike, canoe, kayak and even camel! After much discussion and considerat Jordan Romero was fascinated by a poster in his elementary school of the Seven Summits, the highest mountain peaks on each of the seven continents.

After much discussion and consideration, his parents eventually gave their stamp of approval. On July 22, Jordan ascended his first summit - Mount Kilimanjaro at an elevation of 19, feet. He was ten years old and laid claim to a world record as the youngest documented climber to make the summit.

He was thirteen years old on May 22, when he made the summit of Mt. Everest at 29, feet. This was also a world record. On December 24, at the age of fifteen, Jordan Romero became the youngest person ever to successfully climb the Seven Summits. This is his story. What a motivational read! Jordan climbed out of tents at am at elevations of 18, feet to face gale force winds and temperatures of 40 degrees below zero. He hiked through two feet of new snow in whiteout conditions.

He has experienced an avalanche first hand, tossed and turned and holding on to life by one single rope that he fervently hoped wouldn't break. I thoroughly enjoyed reading about his adventures, frustrations and joys as he relentlessly strove toward his goal.

If you like true adventure stories, then give this book a try! A great middle school read. Jan 31, Libby Ames rated it really liked it Shelves: motivational , for-my-boys , non-fiction , advanced-reader , biography. At 9 years old, Jordan Romero made a goal to climb each of the Seven Summits plus one —the tallest mountains on all seven continents. He reached his first summit, Kilimanjaro, when he was ten years old.

Jordan successfully climbed Mt. Everest when he was thirteen. At the age of fifteen, Jordan Romero completed his final climb and became the youngest person to reach all Seven Summits. He speaks honestly about his hard work, his struggles, and his doubts. As a mother, it was difficult to read at points. However, his dedication to a very difficult goal is motivating. The descriptions of the different cultures and countries is very thorough, giving readers a view of the world Jordan encounters.

He also includes detailed descriptions of the mountain climbing process—both positive and negative. The story is captivating and a great read for tweens and young adults. Recommended ages—11 and up Feb 24, Zachery Martin rated it it was amazing. This was the best book I have ever read! It was so inspiring to read about how someone that young could have an amazing dream to climb the seven summits! This book also gives insight on the struggle of climbing mountains and the risk climbers take.

How did she feel as a woman climbing in a predominantly male domain? These questions and more are answered as we follow Sue's journey around the world and off the beaten track to destinations such as Bolivia, Bhutan, Uzbekistan and Kamchatka, climbing the Andes, Mount Kilimanjaro and of course the Himalaya.

Awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in for services to mountaineering and the community, in particular the Fred Hollows Foundation, Sue's is an inspirational story. File Size : Published by Good Press. Good Press publishes a wide range of titles that encompasses every genre. Each Good Press edition has been meticulously edited and formatted to boost readability for all e-readers and devices.

Our goal is to produce eBooks that are user-friendly and accessible to everyone in a high-quality digital format. Rodriguez, A. Coastal sedimentation across North America doubled in the 20th century despite river dams. Moilanen, A. Spatial prioritization of conservation management. Armsworth, P. Inclusion of costs in conservation planning depends on limited datasets and hopeful assumptions. NY Acad. Carwardine, J. Conservation planning when costs are uncertain.

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Mayorga, D. McGowan, D. Mayorga, R. McGowan, L. Correspondence to Enric Sala. Peer review information Nature thanks Charles Ehler and the other, anonymous, reviewer s for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Reprints and Permissions. Protecting the global ocean for biodiversity, food and climate. Download citation. Received : 19 December Accepted : 18 February Published : 17 March Issue Date : 15 April Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

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Advanced search. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Subjects Environmental sciences Ocean sciences. This article has been updated. Abstract The ocean contains unique biodiversity, provides valuable food resources and is a major sink for anthropogenic carbon. Access through your institution. Buy or subscribe. Rent or Buy article Get time limited or full article access on ReadCube.

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View author publications. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Additional information Peer review information Nature thanks Charles Ehler and the other, anonymous, reviewer s for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Supplementary information. Reporting Summary. Rights and permissions Reprints and Permissions. About this article. Cite this article Sala, E. Polarization and space diversity in microwave antennas Polarization: To reduce adjacent channel interference, microwave relay systems can interleave alternate radio-channel frequencies from a horizontal polarized wave to a vertical polarized wave.

The same approach can be applied to the left-and right-handed circularly polarized waves, but the beam widths of antennas for this loss is defined as the ratio of the poor received in the desired polarization to the poor coupling into other polarization. The cross coupling required for one hop. Space diversity: The two antennas separated vertically or horizontally can be used for a two- branch space-diversity arrangement.

In a space-diversity receiver, the required reception level is relatively low so that the transmitted power on the end of the link can be reduced. This is also an effective method for increasing the coupling loss between the transmitting antenna and receiving antenna. Types of microwave-link antenna: Two kinds of antenna are used for microwave links 1. A parabolic dish, used for short-haul systems. Antennas sizes range form 1. A horn-reflector antenna, to trap the energy outward from the focal a.

Good match—return loss dB. Installation of microwave antennas: A microwave antenna cannot be installed at any arbitrary location. Selection of an optimum position is very important.

In many situations if we cannot move horizontally, we can move vertically. In a microwave-link setup, there are two fixed effective antenna heights, one at each end based on each reflection plane where the reflection point is incident on it. The gain of the received signal also relates to the two effective antenna heights if they are low.

The antenna location can be move around to find the best reception level. Sometimes it is worthwhile to take time to search for the location that gives the best reception. A monopole is very popular in 4 mobile communication. Other alternatives of monopole antenna are loop antenna, micro- strip antenna, spiral antenna etc.

Generally the three sectorization is the most popular one. The three sectorization means using three separate antennas in o We may direct each antenna to those directions where the subscribers are located. We use directional antenna instead of omni-directional antenna to avoid waste of power of omni-directional antenna in undesired directions areas.

Generally the directional antenna is used in the towers of highway where there are people subscriber residing only in a particular area. No need of sectorization in this case. The power radiated by the omni-directional antenna is equally showered in all direction within a particular region within the limit of its power. Generally the omni-directional antennas are used in the towers of small city where there are few but equally distributed in all directions.

Design of antenna 5. The worst case is at the location where the mobile unit would receive the weakest signal from its own cell site but strong interference from all interfering cell sites. In the worst case the mobile unit is at the cell boundary point X , as shown in the figure 1. Such an instance can easily occur in a heavy traffic situation. Each cell covers an adequate area with adequate numbers of channel to handle traffic.

These patterns are not valid for the case when there is a huge traffic. When K increases the number of frequency channels assigned in a cell must become smaller assuming a total allocated channel divided by K and the efficiency of applying the frequency reuse scheme decreases. The co-channel interference can be reduced by using directional antennas.

This means that each cell is divided into 3 or 6 sectors and uses 3 or 6 directional antennas at a base station. Each sector is assigned a set of frequencies channels. To illustrate the worst-case situation, two co- channel cells are shown in fig.. The mobile unit at position E will experience grater interference in the lower shaded cell sector site. In a three sector case, the interference is effective only in one direction because the front to back ratio of a cell site directional antenna is at least 10 dB or more in a mobile radio environment.

The worst-case co-channel interference in a directional antenna sectors in which interference occurs may be calculated. Because of the use of directional antennas, the number of principal interferers is reduced from 6 to 2.

That is reusing the co-channel interference. The remaining In this case only one instance of interference can occur in each sector. If we use the same argument as we did for equation 1 and subtract 6 dB from the result of equation 2 the remaining 23 dB is still more than adequate. When heavy traffic occurs, the 60o sector configuration can be used to reduce co-channel interference.

However as fewer channels are generally allowed in a 60o sector and the trunking efficiency decreases. In certain cases more available channel could be assigned in a 60o sector.

Cell site antenna height There are several points, which need to be clarified concerning cell site antenna height effects. Antenna height unchanged If the power of the cell site transmitter changes the whole signal strength can be linearly updated according to the change in power. If the transmitted power increased by 3dB to each grid in the signal strength map. The relative difference in power among the grids remains the same. Antenna height changed If the antenna height changes, then signal strength map obtained from the old antenna height cannot be updated.

The additional gain increase or decrease will be added to the signal strength grid based on the old antenna height. Therefore we can visualize the effective antenna height as always changing up or down while the mobile unit is moving. This kind of picture should be kept in mind.

In addition following fact may be helpful 1. The mobile unit is driven up a positive slope up to a high spot. The effective antenna height increases if the mobile unit is driving away from the cell site antenna and it decreases if the mobile unit is approaching the cell site antenna.

The mobile unit is driven down the hill. The effective antenna height decreases if the mobile unit is driving away from the cell site antenna, and it increases if the mobile unit is approaching the cell site antenna. Lowering the antenna height doesn't always reduce the co channel interference. In some circumstances, such as on fairly flat ground or in a valley situation, lowering the antenna height will be very effective for reducing the co channel and adjacent channel interference. However there are three cases where the lowering the antenna height may or may not effectively help to reduce the interference.

On a high hill or a high spot The effective antenna height rather than actual height is always consider in the system design. Therefore the effective antenna height varies according the location of the mobile unit.

If we reduce actual antenna height to 0. However, in the area adjacent to the cell site antenna, the effective antenna height is same as the actual antenna height. In a forested area In forested area the antenna should clear the tops of any tree in vicinityH, especially when they are very close to the antenna.

In this case decreasing the height of the antenna would not be the proper procedure for reducing co channel interference because excessive attenuation of the desired signal would occur in the vicinity of the antenna and in its cell boundary if antenna were below the treetop level. Antenna pattern in free space and in mobile environment The antenna pattern we normally use is the one we measured from the antenna range open, non-urban area or an antenna dark room.

However when the antenna is placed on the urban or suburban environment and the mobile antenna is lower than the height of the surroundings, the cell site antennas pattern as a mobile unit received in a circle equidistant around the cell site is quite different from the free space antenna pattern. Consider the following facts in the mobile radio environment.

The strongest reception still coincides with the strongest signal strength of the directional antenna. The pattern is distorted in urban and suburban environment' 3. For a o directional antenna the back lobe or front to back ratio is about 10dB less than the front lobe, regardless of whether a weak side lobe pattern or a no side lobe pattern is designed in a free space condition.

This condition exists because the strong signal radiates in front bouncing back from the surrounding so that the energy can be received from the back of the antenna. A design specification of the front to back ratio of the directional antenna from the manufacturers catalogue is different from the actual front to back ratio in the mobile radio environment.

Therefore the environment and the antenna beam width determines how the antenna would be used in the mobile radio environment. For example if a 60o directional antenna is used in the mobile radio environment, the actual front to back ratio can vary depending on the given environment. If the close in man made structure in front of an antenna is highly reflect able to the signal then the front to back ratio of low master directional antenna can be as low as 6 dB in some circumstances.

In this case the directional antenna beam width pattern has no correlation between it measured in the free space and it measured in the mobile radio environment. If all the building are far away from the directional antenna, then front to back ratio measured in the field will be close to the specified antenna pattern, usually 20 dB. Regular check of the cell site antenna Air pressurized cable is often used in cell antenna to prevent moisture from entering the cable and causing excessive attenuation.

One method to check the cell site antenna is to measure the power delivered to the antenna terminal; however few systems have this capability. The other method is to measure the VSWR at the bottom of the tower In this case the loss or reflected power due to cable under normal conditions should be considered. For the high tower VSWR may not be accurate. If each cable connector has 1 dB loss due to energy leakage and two midsection 1 dB loss connectors are used in the transmitted system the reflected power Pb indicated in the VSWR would be 4 dB less than the real reflected power.

If the site is an 8 miles cell, the antenna can be located within a2 miles radius. The hypothesis is based on the simulation result that the change in site within the 2 miles radius would not at the coverage pattern at the distance 8 miles away. If the site is 2 miles cell the antenna can be located within 0.

The quarter radius rule can be applied only relatively flat terrain, not in a hilly area. To determine whether this rule can be applied in a general area one can use the point-to-point prediction method to plot the coverage at different site locations and compare the differences. Reduction of co-channel interference by means of Notch in the tilted antenna pattern Reduction of co-channel interference in a cellular mobile system is always a challenging problem.

A number of methods can be considered such as 1.