Mckay building construction volume 3 pdf free download

Showing Average rating 4. Rating details. All Languages. More filters. Sort order. Start your review of Building Construction: Metric, Volume 3. Vaidegi rated it it was amazing Oct 26, Ram Gupta rated it really liked it Jan 15, Raj Patel added it Sep 01, Oliver added it Jul 15, Monika is currently reading it Sep 26, Shamoil Kapadia marked it as to-read Sep 26, Madumitha marked it as to-read Jan 06, Frank Ngoni added it Jun 05, Anjali Priya marked it as to-read Aug 27, Khelang added it Nov 05, Nani Chaparala marked it as to-read Jan 06, Shrey Patel marked it as to-read Mar 05, Samved Patel marked it as to-read Mar 06, Madumitha added it Apr 13, Kushal Paliwal added it May 02, Ritu Thakur added it May 27, As is implied, the outer reveal is that portion of the jamh "hich is seen from the outside; it may be mm see D, M, C, etc.

The object of the recess will be appreciated on reference to P, Fig. The corresponding courses in double Flemish bond are shown a Ie, Hand J. ZI5 mm outcr reveals and 56 mm recesses are detailed at Q, and with liZ mm recesses at R. These details may he associated with the window z shown at A, Fig. S; the former indicates 65 mto thick bricks built in English hond and R shows 50 mm thick hricks huilt in Flemish hondo.

The ties used to strengthen and aid the stability of the wall are of several kinds, the simplest being made of galvanized wire shaped as a figure of eight. They are put in the bed joints to span the cavity. At the jambs of openings the vcrtical spacing of the ties is reduced to mm. It is important to keep the cavity free of mortar droppings which would collect on the ties and make a bridge for dampness to the inner leaf.

T he bottom of the cavity can be cleaned out if temporary gaps arc left at the hase of the wall. Where the cavity is bridged as at lintels, sills and at the jambs of openings, a d. These are shown in Fig. Similar gaps should also be provided at the base of the wall below the d. The dt'"tail at E shows the d. The base of the wall is normally constructed as at A, Fig. This action is eliminated if the cavity at the base of the wall is filled with fine concrete to a distance mm below the d.

The bearinj: capacity of a soil means thc maxImum load per umt of area usually In tenns of kilonewtonsJsq. As the nature of the soil varies considerably it follows that the capacit ' of the soil to support loads is also variable. The ground which receives the buitding is known as a natural foundation, and the extended bases which are constructed of concrete or masonry are called artificial foundations. Type I is the most common, being known as a strip f JUmktion. The object of a foundation is to distribute the weight to be carried over a sufficient area of bearing surface so as to prevent the subsoil from spreading and to avoid unequal settlement of the structure.

Whilst slight settlement or subsidence of a building may, in some cases, be unavoidable, it is essential that any such subsidence shall be unifonn.

This difference in the bearing capacity of soils may be experienced on a single building site, as frequently its character is not exactly the same throughout. Hence it is not always possible to adopt a unifonn sitt of foundation for the whole building, even if the walls and piers may support equal loads. The design of foundations to support heavy loads is beyond the scope of this volume and the following are typical details only. The requirements of many local authorities in respect to foundations cspeciaHy for small buildings which transmit relatively light loads have been modified considerably within recent years.

For domestic buildings where strip foundations are used the concrete shall be composed of 50 kg of cement I to 0 1 mS of fine aggregate and 02 mS of coarse aggregate and the regulations are satisfied if : a There is no wide variation in the type of subsoil beneath the building and there is no weaker type of soil below that on which the foundations rest which would sffect stability. IV for different subsoils and loadings, and in any case not less than the width of the wall.

For a two-stOrey house the wal! Examples of foundations are given in Fig. The one at A shows a typical strip foundation on loose sand where the minimum width is mm for a mm wall; this necessitates a mm thick strip to comply with c above. IV is used, the mm wide type at B is satisfactory in compact sand or stiff day; the who:e of the trench is filled with concrete. The type at D has to be used on soft clay which is liable to expansion and contraction due to the variation in water content.

At a depth of mm this action is normally absent in the U. The one at c illustrates the use of a course of brick footings which were often used in earlier days when cement was not the reliable product it is today to give a gradual spread of the load. The rule illustrated is a useful one and I From 1 January Il,C ;"OI. E WAll. The depth of the foundations varies with the character of the subsoil and the relative importance of the work.

I t is not necessary to 'exceed mm depth in many situations; this is the minimum to prevent damage by frost. All brickwork below the ground level should be built in cement mortar in order to increase its stability, and engineering bricks are preferred.

The construction of the floor shown by broken lines at c is described on pp. S8 to Pier Foundations. Whilst footings may be dispensed with and the foundation designed in accordance with the Building Regulations, it should be noted that brick footings serve a useful purpose in gradually transmitting the concentrated load from the pier to theconcrete. Timbering to foundation trenches is described on pp. A damp building is unhealthy to those who occupy it, it causes damage to the contents of the building, and it gradually impairs the parts of the structure affected.

There are various causes of dampness in walls, the chief of -Which are: I moisture rising up the walls from the adjacent ground, 2 rain passing down from the tops of walls, 3 rain beating against the walls which may absorb the water to such an extent as to show dampness on the internal faces and 4 the absorption of water from defective rain-water pipes.

H e will appreciate that brickwork below the Jlround level will draw the moisture from the ground and may impan it from one course to another for a COn,idenoble height. To prevent water absorbed from the soil rising and causing dampness in the wall and any adjacent woodwork and plaster, a continuous layer of an impervious material is provided.

This layer is known as a horizontal damp proof course d. The position of such a course varies from ISO to mm above the ground level see sections in Fig. The level should not be less than ,somm otherwise soil forming flower beds and the like may be deposited against the external face of a wall at a greater height than the impervious layer and thus water may be transmitted from it to the wall above the damp proof course.

Some of the materials used to form horizontal damp proof courses are: Asphalt. Fine grit in varying proportions is added and completely incorporated with the asphalt Jlt a vey high temperature, after which it is cast into blocks weighing about 25 kg each. The heated material is placed on the wall between the battens and finished off by means or hand floats to the top of Lilt: battens.

The asphalt is kept slightly back from the external face of the wall so that it may be pointed with cement mortar after the wall has been completed; this covers the dark line of the asphalt and assists in preventing the asphalt from being squeezed out and discolouring the brickwork, especially if it is subjected to intense action of the sun.

Asphalt forms an excellent damp proof course, it being impervious and indestructible; in addition it does not fractu re, if, on acCount of unequal settlement, cracks are caused in the brickwork.

Fibrous Asphalt Felt. It is obtained in rolls, 22 m long and in various widths from 'S 10m to 9IS m:n. In laying it in position, a thin layer of mortar is spread on the brickwork and the damp proof course is bedded on it. It should be lapped 75 mm where joints occur and lapped full width at all crossings and angles. It should be pointed in cement mortar.

This type of damp proof course is extensively used, it being easily handled and, provided it is adequately impregnated with bitumen and obtained from a reputable manufacturer, it forms a thoroughly reliable damp-resisting material. Some of the cheaper varieties are practically worthless; they are comparatively thin and both the bases and the bitumen are of inferior quality; such should be avoided.

It s not suitable for certain classes of stone walling. District Masonry described on p. A layer of mortar is spread over the brickwork, upon which the first layer of slates is bedded with bUIt joints; more mortar is spread over these slates and the second layer of slates is laid in position so as to form a half lap bond with the first course of slatcs when the slates are said to" break joint " ; the next course of brickwork is then bedded in cement mortar on the top layer of slates.

The slates must extend the. It is a very efficient damp proof course and has been used on important buildinga. This damp proof course i.

It consIsts of a layer of sheet lead see Chapter VI which weighs from 3 to 8 lb. The mortar does not adhere to it readily unless the lead is well scored scratched.

It is an excellent damp proof course, eapedally for damp Sites, and whilst It IS more expensive than the above, it is more durable. The copper should be at least 0' mm thick, lapped or jointed as described for lead, and embedded in lime or cement mortar. Blue Staffordshire Brnks.

P astic. It is made of black polythene, 0'5 or I mm thick in the usual walling widths and roll lengths of 30 m. The area of a building below wood floors must be covered with an impervious material1 in order to exclude dampness.

The material used may be concrete or asphalt. The concrete should be well surfaced with the back of the shovel known as " spade finished " ; its top surface must not be below the level of the ground outside the wall of the building.

Surface concrete Is shown in Fig. Besides excluding dampness, surface concrete prevents the growth of vegetable matter and the admission of ground air. The site concrete adjoining the walls may be finished as shown at c, Fig. Wider offsets than these may be required to support Boor joists, roof timbers, and the like.

A broken vertical section through a portion of such a wall is shown at A, Fig. The mm offsets support horizontal wood members called wall plates which receive the ends of the floor joists see p. The plan at B, Fig. II, shows an alternative and cheaper method of sup porting wall plates than at A.

In the latter the increased thickness of the wall at the base to form the offset is continuous for the full length of the wall, whereas at B the wall plate rests upon small piers which are usually not more than mm apart. The foundation for pier 0 is strengthened if the site concrete is formed to occupy the space at w. They are constructed to support floor beams, lintels, etc.

As a load carried by a corbel tends to overturn the wall, certain precautions arc taken to ensure a stable structure;! The second cause of dampness stated on p. Thus, in the case of boundary walls, the damp proof course may be placed immediately under the coping see Figs. Similarly, a horizontal d. Vertical damp proof courses which are necessarf to exclude dampness in basement, etc. I Horizontal slate damp proof courses are used in both the Anglican and Roman Catholic cathedrals 11 Liverpool.

In addition, lead and blue Staffordshire briCks are uted in. Despite the change to metnc uOlu,! I Certain mortars hpecu,l1y cement mortan, act upon lead II. The depth of soil removed variel from I So to mm and the Ille concrete IS laid on the exposed surface. The omiuion of the concrete has been a frequent cause of dry rot see p.

The corbels shown at L, M and N aTe continuous and that at 0 with the sketch at p is an example of an isolated or non-continuous corbel. The latter is used to support concentrated loads as transmitted from large floor beams and the stone pad is provided to distribute the load more effectively.

Oversailing Courses. Simple examples of brick oversailing courses are shown at E, Fig. Stone cornices etc. Buttress Cappings. These arc usually completed with simple cappings see Fig.

The section at Q shows the capping to consist of two courses of splay bricks of the type illustrated al Rand s, Fig. The sketch at T shows another weathered capping formed of ordinary bricks which are tilted or tumbled into the wall; the section at s shows the cutting of the bricks which is involved.

As mentioned on p. Thc top or head of such an opening consists of a lintel or an arch, or both, amI the bottom of a window opening is called a sill whilst the bottom of a door opening is usually provided with one or more steps or threshold. LINTELS A lintel is a member of wood, brick or concrete which is fixed horizontally and used to support the structure abovc the opcning.

Most lintels now are of reinforced concrete. Thc b",lm wil! A further example of a wood lintel is illustrated in Fig. Bu ilt-up lintels may be used for larger spans; the section at Il, Fig. The ends of the lintels have a J 75 mm wall-hold and are bedded on mortar so as to ensure a level and firm bearing.

Brick l. The term joggled brick lintel is sOlnetires applied to. EX,Hllpll"s of stH;h alt "arch" are shown at -', Fig. At K a 7S mm by 10 mm stcel flat bar set: Fig. For spans exceeding mm it is n. It is a common practice for small spans to bed brick lintels directly upon the heads of the door and window frames; such frames should be set back for not more than 25 mm from the external face of the wall see c, Fig.

These are rectangular bloch of stone of varying thickness and depth; tht; latter should be at least mm. It should course with the adjacent brickwork as shown at 0, Fig. Additional examples are shown in Figs. The lintel may be cast in situ in position or precast formed and allowed to set before being fixed ; the former is cast in a wood mould with]2 to 38 mm thick bottom and sides which is removed when the concrete has set.

The precast method is more often employed as the lintels can be formed in the wood moulds well in advance to allow them being sufficiently matured for fixing when required and the construction of the walling above them may be continued immediately after fixing. As concrete is comparatively weak in tension, the use of plain concrete lintels should be limited to spans not exceeding mm and not used to carry point loads, otherwise failures may occur which arc usualJy due to shear and which may produce fractures such as that indicated by the brokell line U at Q, Fig.

If this span is to be exceeded, the lintel must be strengthened by using mild steel bars or some other form of steel reinforcement. The ends of the bars are hooked as shown in order to increase the bond or grip between them and the concrete. If precast, the top of the lintel should be marked so that the. An example of A hoot-shaped lintel is shown at H, Fig. Ring, Rim ur RinK Cvun.

The arch Fig. IS, and I anuJ, Fig. The inner cune of t. Springing Point. Springing I. Cmtre or Striking Point and Radius see Fig. Depth or lleight. In some districts the teIll1 " thickness" is considered to have the same meaning as" depth ", to remove any doubt, the arch at A, Fig. IS, would be specified as being a" flat gauged arch, mm deep with 'S mm wide soffit, to a mm opening.

Bed Jcnnts. Classification of Arches. The following is a brief description of these bricks ;1. Rubber Bricks, Rubbers. Cutters or Malms. They can be readily sawn and rubbed to the desired shape. They are used in the construction of gauged arches see below.

Purpose-made Bricks. Owing to the standardized form and size of many arches, stocks of the more commonly used purpose-made VOUSSOlfS are carried by the larger manufacturers, and delivery is thereby expedited; such bricks are usually machine-pressed. They are used in the construction of axed brick arches see p.

Ordinary Standard Uncut Bricks. They are used fornJUgh brick arches see p. Flat, Straight or Camber Arch. A R CH E S a gauged Rat arch, h purpose-made Aat arch and c axed brick Aat arch, depending upon the class of bricks and labours used in their construction. The reason for the camber is to avoid the appearance of sagging which is produced if the intrados is perfectly ho rizontal and which defect would be accent uated if the slightest settlem ent occurred. T he angle of the skewbacks may be 60 as IIhown at A and c or th e amou nt of skewback the horizontal distance between the springing poin t and t he top of the skewback may equal 38 mm per mm of span per mm depth of arch as shown at A, Fig.

The adoption of the laller ru le gives a more pleasing appearance compare A and c, Fig. When the bricka are 65 mm thick at the extrados, "tiaractory jointinr retulu ir the number of vouuoin in the arch when divided by.. The btwi.

The voussoirs are then sawn to shspe with each saw-cut parallel and near to the marks. They are finally dressed down to the marks by rubbin; each cut surface on a. Iab of hard stone or by using a rasp lee p. The wall at each side of the opening will have been built and the skewbacka prepared 10 receive the nch, as indicated by the thick outline N shown" A, Fig.

When very fine joinl8 are reqUIred, each vOU5soir i. When all of the vou. It is usual to work from each. The voussoirs are kept plumb by using a rtroight-tdgt a 75 mm by::t::t mm piece of wellteasoned wood about I Sco mm long and, I I the work proceed. If thicker joinll are desired, the mortar i, applied by a t,01l;el see 31, Fig. A piece of wood. A templet or wood patttnl, ahaped IS, may be employed to ensure thlt all of the skewbacks an: made to the XIrrtCt angle.

The brick. ITises of the shaded bricks which are intercepted by the mark are transferred to the bricks to be shaped. A, Fig. This type of arch is frequently employed in good-class work. Segmental Arcb. The geometrical construction for determining the centre for the curved extrados and intrados and from which the bed joints of the voussoin radiate is shown. There are four varieties of this type of arch, i. Cross joints may be omitted if desired. Such arches were adopted when appearance wu secondary as in pJUlered walls because of their relative cheapness.

The arch was used to relieve a wood lintel of the weight of superincumbent brickwork. They were formerly employed when openingt exceeding ,. IS, which shows half elevations of two varieties. It is constructed on a centre see p. There ate four varieties of semicircular arches, i. Excepting for the shape, they are similar to the four classes of segmental arches.

An example of a gauged semicircular arch is shown at E; this may have cross joints to give a " bonded face. The rough brick class, like the segmental arch, has V. The arches illustrated in Fig. IS have been related to the small building shown in part in Fig. Sills may be of brick, brick with one or more. This type of arch is now used oaly for common work. Although the thickness of the join" of the brickwork including those of the archei haa been shown in Fig.

IS, it il usual for Itudent. The tiles must be solidly and uniformly bedded in mortar otherwise they may be easily damaged. An alternative arrangement is shown at B, Fig. An equally satisfactory and inexpensive finish is provided by a double course of tiles bedded on the top course of the general walling see D, Fig.

The tiles l1l2y be given a much greater slope if desired see E, Fig. An internal sill of one course of tiles F is shown at A, Fig. Lead-covered brick-on-edge sills are shown in Figs. S6 and The top of a sill should have a slight fall outwards to prevent the lodgment of water; this slope is called the toeathering of a sill.

That at A shows a section and part elevation of a brick sill upon two courses of tiles. Stahdard bricks are placed on edge and are slightly tilted. The tiles vuy from 13 to 45 nun thick; those shown are 16 mm thick. Ordinary roof tiles- known as plain tiin, see Fig. Purpose-made tiles, called qudrry liln, arc thicker than plain tiles and are usually square of to mm length of aide. The tiles are given a 2. The sill at c, Fig. The underside is grooved or'throated to throw off the water and prevent it from passing underneath the sill and staining the brickwork helow.

Sills should be protected during the construction of the building, other,vise falling bricks, etc" may cause damage. Stone sills are described on p. Such may consist of bricks, stone or concrete. An alternative to this, to a larger scale, is shown at D, Fig. The steps must have a satishctory founda tion, hence the concrete bed. The height of each step, called the riser, is mm although this varies from I 15 to '75 mm. Treads should be at least mm wide so as to afford adequate foot space.

The bonding of the bricks is shown on the plan and elevation. The whole of the brickwork should be in cemf. A single step in bricks on edgo is shown in Fig. The threshold at E, Fig. Unless the stone is hard it win wear badly and the arrises will be readily damaged. The edges may be slightly rounded, or splayed chamfered or-providing the stone is particularly hard-square as shown. The treads must be well and uniformly bedded in cement mortar.

This form of step is also detailed in Figs. Stone steps are shown in Figs. Similar steps may be formed. A conccte step, which is a continuation of the concrete floor, is shown in Fig. Vl:' ry serIOus dnmagc may hI:' caused to n waH if watcr gains acc. Under such cundltiuns the resultinR "xpallsion may mpidly disinteRrate the upper courses of the briekwurk.

In addition, the wutcr may penetrate sufficiently to cause dampness to hedrooms, etc. The most effective coping is that which throws the water clcar of the wall below. The fewer joints in the coping the better, and the jointing and bedding material should be ument mortar. Copings may be of bricks, bricks and tiles or slatcs, stone, terra-colla and concrete, and all must be sound and durable Some of the simpler brick copings arc shown in Fig.

They form an effective finish to a brick bt;ilding. A portion of a garden wall is shown at A, Fig. Brick-on-Edge Coping. It has a simple but satisfactory appearance , is inexpensive and is adopted extensively. Another applicat:on is shown at M, Fig.

Sometimes the bricks are placed on end, or as shown in Fig. Bulloose Coping. The double bullnose bricks are placed on edge. The space between the stretchers about 60 mm as shown in the section should be filled solid with pieces of brick and mortar if the dwarf wall is likely to be subjected to side stresses from traffic, etc.

The curved surface of the coping and the weathered or jlaunched bed joint cause water to get away quickly, and the projecting course assists water to drip clear of the wall. A similar coping, shown at G and H, consists of a top course of double bullnose bricks placed on edge upon a projecting CQurse of bats or stretchers similar to E with the intervening space filled as above described.

The tile course is known as a creasing and serves to throw the water clear of the wall. The creasing may also consist of two or more tile courses, laid in cement to break joint. A creasing consisting of a double course of slates in cement may be used instead of tiles. Brick or terra-cotta saddle-back copings can also be obtained which have throated projections and resemble the stone coping shown at C, Fig.

A vertical joint in a coping is a potential weakness, and therefore one of the demerits of brick copings is the comparatively large number of such joints which have to be made. Hence it is advisable to provide a horizontal damp proof course on the top course of the brickwork before the coping is fixed see p. Whilst a simple brick coping can form an attractive feature of a brick structure and is extensively used, copings of stone are often preferred even for brick erections.

Stone copings are illustrated in Fig. The projecting feature constructed at the base of a wall is known as a plinth. It gives to a building the appearance of additional stability.

Three forms of simple brick plinths are shown in Fig. Brick-an-End Plinth see Nand o. Splayed Plinth see p and Q. If preferred, the top course may consist of headers similar to that at s, Fig. Moulded Plinth. Stone plinths are detailed in Fig. Other tools used for special. Trowtl lee 31, Fig. Brick l1ammer. Brod see 30, Fig. Scutcn or Scoun s 34, Fig. Saw similar to that shown at '9, Fig. Similar to that at JI, Fig. PointiJ1i-ruh see 18, Fig. Han,k or Hand Board.

Construction of a Wall. The gauge-md is llsed to ensure that the brick courses arC" correct. Each course is now constructed, aided by the line and pins; Om, of the pins is inseneJ in and near the top of a vertical joint usually on the return face of the wall and, after the line has been stretched taU!.

In constructing a ,vall, the bricklayer collccts sufficient mortar On the nnwel and spreads it on the last completed cour. He then prcsses the point of the trowel into the mortar and draws it in zigzag fashion along the centre of the laver to form a level and uniformly thick bed.

The mortar whIch has been squeezed out beyond the face of the "all is " cut off" by and 'collected on to thc trowel' and returned to the heap of mortar on the bOHd. The cross joint is then formed, a small portion of mortar being taken On the trowel and pressed on the end Or side of thc brick to fonn a vertical joint against "hich the. Perpends must be! The plumbing of the reveals of openings and the perpends adjoining them should receive special attention.

Machine-pressed bricks, having two frogs, should bave the" lower" frogs filled with mortar b"fore b"ing laid in position. Car" mUSt be taken that certain textured or rustic bricks are laid On their proper beds; it is not uneommon to see these laid" upside-down".

Jointing and Pointing,- Joints on t! The nature of this finish depends upon the type of bricks used and the appearance required. The setting out of buildings is described in Chap. C"rtain smooth-surfaced machin,,-pressed bricks should not be watered, otherwise they are difficult to lay. I The mortar may be left slightly projecting if the surfac" of the wall is to be plastered. The projecting mortar which has b""n removed is often trowelled on to the end of the brick to fonn the v"rtical joint.

When this is the only mortar applied; the joints are inad"quate1y filled lind inferior work results. The following examples are illustrated at T, Fig.

Struck Joint. It is a good weather joint as it permits of the ready discharge or water. Its appearance is not entirely satisfactory for every class of work as it exaggerates any inaccuracy of the lower edges of the bricks owing to the difference in the thickness of the bricks which may exist ; its smooth mechanical character detracts from the appearance if adopted for bedding and jointing sand-faced bricks of good texture. It is best used in conjunction with smooth-surfaced machine-pressed hricks of uniform colour.

The vertical joints are usually fonned by pressing the tip of the trowel down the centre to produce a V-section, or these joints may be flush sec below.

The vertical joints arc first struck, followed by the bed joint. Overhand Struck Juillt sec broken line at x. Flush or Flat Joint. When rubbed, it forms an excellent finish for first class faced work.

Mortar i. This gives a satisfactory t"xture which agreeably conforms with that of a sand-faced brick. Provided the mortar is of good quality, this joint gives a satisfactory finish to rustic brickwork if it ;5 just left as the mortar is cut off with the trowel, no attempt being made to smooth the surface of the joint. The faidy rough texture of sucb joints gives to rustic brickwork a mOTe satisfactory appearance than smooth struck jomts. The flush joint is also adopted for walls requiring smooth internal faces such as may be required for factories, cellars, coal-houses, garages, etc.

Recessed Joinl. The bricks should be carefully selected of uniform thickness and the bed joints should be at least 10 mm thick.

The joint is mad" by applying a jointing tool immediatdy after th" projecting mortar has been cut. The rubber accommodates itsclf to any irregularities of the brick edges as it is press ed in and worked to and fro until the mortar is removcl.

That sbown at v is suitabl" for th" b"d joints, a similar shorter tool being used for the vertical joints. The bricks must be hard and durable, otherwise any water collecting on the ledges may become frozen and cause pieces to flake off. The vertical joints are formed first, followed by the bed joints. The latter are formed by using the jointer in conjunction with the pointing rule see 18, Fig.

The vertical joints should have a slightly less impression than d. Vee-joint see broken Jines at z. The joint is made as described for the keyed joint and with a steel jointer having its lower edge suitably shaped, [7ojecting Joint.

This gives a good key for the first coat of plaster, as shown. Another good key is afforded if the joints are raked out to a depth of about 12 mm before the mortar has set.

In addition to its fonn, consideration should be given to the colour and texture of the joint. Bricks of various colours and textures are now obtainable, and it is very important that the colour of the mortar should conform with that of the brich. Pointing and Re-Pointing. Waterproofed lime and Portland cement mixtures are now extensively used for pointing; the former mixtule may consist of! Tuck Pointing, as illustrated at T, is occasionally adopted where the jointing materi",l has become defective and the brickwork at the joints has become ragged.

Generally it is only used when an alternative flush joint would cause the joints to appear excessively wide; in course of time it becomes defective. With the aid of the pointingrule and a flat edged jointer J2, Fig. Bastard Tuck Pointing,- This is an imitation of tuck pointing and is formed entirely of the infilling mortar.

The profile of the joint is similar to that of tuck pointing but the band which projects consists of the pointing material. Whilst this does not look so well as th true tuck pointing, it is more durable, but the projecting mortar is apt to become affected by weather action. August 8. July June Duggal Free Download June Charles H.

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