When was fukushima power plant built

A court ruled in that the government bore partial responsibility and should pay compensation to evacuees. Ten years later, several towns in north-eastern Japan remain off limits. Authorities are working to clean up the area so residents can return.

Major challenges remain. Tens of thousands of workers will be needed over the next 30 to 40 years to safely remove nuclear waste, fuel rods and more than one million tons of radioactive water still kept at the site.

But some residents have decided never to return because they fear radiation, have built new lives elsewhere or don't want to go back to where the disaster hit. Media reports in said the government could start to release the water - filtered to reduce radioactivity - into the Pacific Ocean as early as next year.

Some scientists believe the huge ocean would dilute the water and that it would pose a low risk to human and animal health. Environmental group Greenpeace however said that the water contains materials that could potentially damage human DNA. Officials have said no final decision has been taken about what to do with the liquid.

Japan nuclear disaster residents return. Fukushima water could damage DNA, Greenpeace says. Five remarkable stories of Japan's tsunami debris.

Diving into the world of the dead. Fukushima: Is fear of radiation the real killer? Image source, Reuters. The earthquake was the most powerful ever recorded in Japan. Where is the plant? What happened at Fukushima? Image source, Getty Images.

The tsunami overcame the sea wall and hit the plant. The damage led to nuclear meltdowns and a number of hydrogen explosions.

How many people were hurt? Fukushima exclusion worse than radiation? Fukushima's long road to recovery Growing crops in the shadow of Fukushima. The power station fed electricity to the national grid via the kV Shin-Fukushima substation.

Contractors involved with the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant GE provided the reactor design for all six generating units of the nuclear power plant. The architectural design for all the reactor units was provided by Ebasco. GE supplied the units one, two and six, whereas units three and five were supplied by Toshiba and unit 4 by Hitachi. Kajima was responsible for the construction of the nuclear complex.

BWRs work as direct cycle reactors, which pass the steam generated inside the reactor directly to the turbine for power generation, unlike pressurised water reactors PWR. As of August , a total of 75 boiling water reactor units were in operation worldwide and four units two in Taiwan and two in Japan were under construction, with several new nuclear power plants, including the Wylfa Newydd nuclear power plant in the UK, proposed to use ABWR technology.

Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster details The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster was triggered by the 9. The power station, built approximately 10m above sea level, was flooded with tsunami. The units 1, 2 and 3, which were in operation at the time of the disaster, were automatically shut down.

The supply of off-site power to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant was cut off meanwhile, while emergency diesel generators located at the basement of the turbine building, roughly 5m above the sea level, which are intended to provide back-up electricity to the plant's cooling system, were disabled by tsunami flooding. The absence of cooling led to melt down of units 1, 2 and 3 within the following three days. The unit 1 suffered a massive hydrogen explosion on 12 March , which caused extensive damage to the 1m-thick reactor building walls.

It was followed by another hydrogen explosion at the unit 3 reactor on 14 March , which led to the explosion of unit 4 with gas flowing from unit 3 into the unit 4 reactor. The hydrogen explosions at the plant led to massive release of radioactive Iodine and Caesium, with radiation levels rising to microsievert. After the hydrogen explosion in unit 4 early on Tuesday 15 March, Tepco was told to implement injection of water to unit 4 pond which had a particularly high heat load 3 MW from used fuel assemblies in it, so it was the main focus of concern.

Initially this was attempted with fire pumps but from 22 March a concrete pump with metre boom enabled more precise targeting of water through the damaged walls of the service floors. There was some use of built-in plumbing for unit 2. Analysis of radionuclides in water from the used fuel ponds suggested that some of the fuel assemblies might have been damaged, but the majority were intact. There was concern about the structural strength of unit 4 building, so support for the pond was reinforced by the end of July.

Each has a primary circuit within the reactor and waste treatment buildings and a secondary circuit dumping heat through a small dry cooling tower outside the building. The next task was to remove the salt from those ponds which had seawater added, to reduce the potential for corrosion. In July two of the fresh fuel assemblies were removed from the unit 4 pool and transferred to the central spent fuel pool for detailed inspection to check damage, particularly corrosion.

They were found to have no deformation or corrosion. Unloading the spent fuel assemblies in pond 4 and transferring them to the central spent fuel pool commenced in mid-November and was completed 13 months later.

These comprised spent fuel plus the full fuel load of The next focus of attention was the unit 3 pool. In the damaged fuel handling equipment and other wreckage was removed from the destroyed upper level of the reactor building.

Toshiba built a tonne fuel handling machine for transferring the fuel assemblies into casks and to remove debris in the pool, and a crane for lifting the fuel transfer casks. Installation of a cover over the fuel handling machine was completed in February Removal and transferral of the fuel to the central spent fuel pool began in mid-April and was completed at the end of February In June , Tepco announced it would transfer some of the fuel assemblies stored in the central spent fuel pool to an onsite temporary dry storage facility to clear sufficient space for the fuel assemblies from unit 3's pool.

The dry storage facility has a capacity of at least assemblies in 65 casks — each dry cask holds 50 fuel assemblies. Summary: The spent fuel storage pools survived the earthquake, tsunami and hydrogen explosions without significant damage to the fuel, significant radiological release, or threat to public safety. The new cooling circuits with external heat exchangers for the four ponds are working well and temperatures are normal.

Analysis of water has confirmed that most fuel rods are intact. See also background on Fukushima Fuel Ponds and Decommissioning section below. Regarding releases to air and also water leakage from Fukushima Daiichi, the main radionuclide from among the many kinds of fission products in the fuel was volatile iodine, which has a half-life of 8 days. The other main radionuclide is caesium, which has a year half-life, is easily carried in a plume, and when it lands it may contaminate land for some time.

It is a strong gamma-emitter in its decay. Cs is also produced and dispersed; it has a two-year half-life. Caesium is soluble and can be taken into the body, but does not concentrate in any particular organs, and has a biological half-life of about 70 days. In assessing the significance of atmospheric releases, the Cs figure is multiplied by 40 and added to the I number to give an 'iodine equivalent' figure. As cooling failed on the first day, evacuations were progressively ordered, due to uncertainty about what was happening inside the reactors and the possible effects.

By the evening of Saturday 12 March the evacuation zone had been extended to 20 km from the plant. See later section on Public health and return of evacuees. A significant problem in tracking radioactive release was that 23 out of the 24 radiation monitoring stations on the plant site were disabled by the tsunami.

There is some uncertainty about the amount and exact sources of radioactive releases to air see also background on Radiation Exposure. Most of the release was by the end of March Tepco sprayed a dust-suppressing polymer resin around the plant to ensure that fallout from mid-March was not mobilized by wind or rain. In addition it removed a lot of rubble with remote control front-end loaders, and this further reduced ambient radiation levels, halving them near unit 1.

In mid-May work started towards constructing a cover over unit 1 to reduce airborne radioactive releases from the site, to keep out the rain, and to enable measurement of radioactive releases within the structure through its ventilation system. The frame was assembled over the reactor, enclosing an area 42 x 47 m, and 54 m high.

The sections of the steel frame fitted together remotely without the use of screws and bolts. All the wall panels had a flameproof coating, and the structure had a filtered ventilation system capable of handling 40, cubic metres of air per hour through six lines, including two backup lines.

The cover structure was fitted with internal monitoring cameras, radiation and hydrogen detectors, thermometers and a pipe for water injection. The cover was completed with ventilation systems working by the end of October It was expected to be needed for two years.

In May Tepco announced its more permanent replacement, to be built over four years. It started demolishing the cover in and finished in In December it decided to install the replacement cover before removing debris from the top floor of the building.

A crane and other equipment for fuel removal will be installed under the cover, similar to that over unit 4. A cantilevered structure was built over unit 4 from April to July to enable recovery of the contents of the spent fuel pond. This is a 69 x 31 m cover 53 m high and it was fully equipped by the end of to enable unloading of used fuel from the storage pond into casks, each holding 22 fuel assemblies, and removal of the casks.

This operation was accomplished under water, using the new fuel handling machine replacing the one destroyed by the hydrogen explosion so that the used fuel could be transferred to the central storage onsite.

Transfer was completed in December A video of the process is available on Tepco's website. A different design of cover was built over unit 3, and foundation work began in Large rubble removal took place from to , including the damaged fuel handling machine. An arched cover was prefabricated, 57 m long and 19 m wide, and supported by the turbine building on one side and the ground on the other.

A crane removed the fuel assemblies from the pool and some remaining rubble. Spent fuel removal from unit 3 pool began in April and was completed in February Maps from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Tehcnology MEXT aerial surveys carried out approximately one year apart show the reduction in contamination from late to late Areas with colour changes in showed approximately half the contamination as surveyed in , the difference coming from decay of caesium two-year half-life and natural processes like wind and rain.

Tests on radioactivity in rice have been made and caesium was found in a few of them. Summary : Major releases of radionuclides, including long-lived caesium, occurred to air, mainly in mid-March. The population within a 20km radius had been evacuated three days earlier. Considerable work was done to reduce the amount of radioactive debris onsite and to stabilize dust.

The main source of radioactive releases was the apparent hydrogen explosion in the suppression chamber of unit 2 on 15 March. A cover building for unit 1 reactor was built and the unit is now being dismantled, a more substantial one for unit 4 was built to enable fuel removal during By the end of , Tepco had checked the radiation exposure of 19, people who had worked on the site since 11 March.

For many of these both external dose and internal doses measured with whole-body counters were considered. It reported that workers had received doses over mSv. Of these had received to mSv, twenty-three mSv, three more mSv, and six had received over mSv to mSv apparently due to inhaling iodine fumes early on. There were up to workers onsite each day. Recovery workers wear personal monitors, with breathing apparatus and protective clothing which protect against alpha and beta radiation. The level of mSv was the allowable maximum short-term dose for Fukushima Daiichi accident clean-up workers through to December , mSv is the international allowable short-term dose "for emergency workers taking life-saving actions".

No radiation casualties acute radiation syndrome occurred, and few other injuries, though higher than normal doses, were being accumulated by several hundred workers onsite. High radiation levels in the three reactor buildings hindered access there. Monitoring of seawater, soil and atmosphere is at 25 locations on the plant site, 12 locations on the boundary, and others further afield. Government and IAEA monitoring of air and seawater is ongoing.

Some high but not health-threatening levels of iodine were found in March, but with an eight-day half-life, most I had gone by the end of April A radiation survey map of the site made in March revealed substantial progress: the highest dose rate anywhere on the site was 0. The majority of the power plant area was at less than 0. These reduced levels are reflected in worker doses: during January , the workers at the site received an average of 0.

Media reports have referred to 'nuclear gypsies' — casual workers employed by subcontractors on a short-term basis, and allegedly prone to receiving higher and unsupervised radiation doses. This transient workforce has been part of the nuclear scene for at least four decades, and at Fukushima their doses are very rigorously monitored.

If they reach certain levels, e. Tepco figures submitted to the NRA for the period to end January showed workers had received more than mSv six more than two years earlier and had received 50 to mSv. Early in there were about onsite each weekday. Summary : Six workers received radiation doses apparently over the mSv level set by NISA, but at levels below those which would cause radiation sickness.

On 4 April , radiation levels of 0. Monitoring beyond the 20 km evacuation radius to 13 April showed one location — around Iitate — with up to 0. At the end of July the highest level measured within 30km radius was 0. The safety limit set by the central government in mid-April for public recreation areas was 3. In June , analysis from Japan's Nuclear Regulation Authority NRA showed that the most contaminated areas in the Fukushima evacuation zone had reduced in size by three-quarters over the previous two years.

In August The Act on Special Measures Concerning the Handling of Radioactive Pollution was enacted and it took full effect from January as the main legal instrument to deal with all remediation activities in the affected areas, as well as the management of materials removed as a result of those activities. It specified two categories of land: Special Decontamination Areas consisting of the 'restricted areas' located within a 20 km radius from the Fukushima Daiichi plant, and 'deliberate evacuation areas' where the annual cumulative dose for individuals was anticipated to exceed 20 mSv.

The national government promotes decontamination in these areas. Intensive Contamination Survey Areas including the so-called Decontamination Implementation Areas, where an additional annual cumulative dose between 1 mSv and 20 mSv was estimated for individuals. Municipalities implement decontamination activities in these areas. The doses to the general public, both those incurred during the first year and estimated for their lifetimes, are generally low or very low. No discernible increased incidence of radiation-related health effects are expected among exposed members of the public or their descendants.

However, the report noted: "More than additional workers received effective doses currently estimated to be over mSv, predominantly from external exposures. Among this group, an increased risk of cancer would be expected in the future. However, any increased incidence of cancer in this group is expected to be indiscernible because of the difficulty of confirming such a small incidence against the normal statistical fluctuations in cancer incidence.

These workers are individually monitored annually for potential late radiation-related health effects. By contrast, the public was exposed to times less radiation.

Most Japanese people were exposed to additional radiation amounting to less than the typical natural background level of 2. The Report states: "No adverse health effects among Fukushima residents have been documented that are directly attributable to radiation exposure from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant accident. People living in Fukushima prefecture are expected to be exposed to around 10 mSv over their entire lifetimes, while for those living further away the dose would be 0.

The UNSCEAR conclusion reinforces the findings of several international reports to date, including one from the World Health Organization WHO that considered the health risk to the most exposed people possible: a postulated girl under one year of age living in Iitate or Namie that did not evacuate and continued life as normal for four months after the accident.

Such a child's theoretical risk of developing any cancer would be increased only marginally, according to the WHO's analysis. The man had been diagnosed with lung cancer in February Eleven municipalities in the former restricted zone or planned evacuation area, within 20 km of the plant or where annual cumulative radiation dose is greater than 20 mSv, are designated 'special decontamination areas', where decontamination work is being implemented by the government.

A further municipalities in eight prefectures, where dose rates are equivalent to over 1 mSv per year are classed as 'intensive decontamination survey areas', where decontamination is being implemented by each municipality with funding and technical support from the national government.

Decontamination of all 11 special decontamination areas has been completed. In October a member IAEA mission reported on remediation and decontamination in the special decontamination areas. Its preliminary report said that decontamination efforts were commendable but driven by unrealistic targets. Also, there is potential to produce more food safely in contaminated areas. The total area under consideration for attention is 13, km 2.

Summary : There have been no harmful effects from radiation on local people, nor any doses approaching harmful levels. However, some , people were evacuated from their homes and only from were allowed limited return.

As of July over 41, remained displaced due to government concern about radiological effects from the accident. Permanent return remains a high priority, and the evacuation zone is being decontaminated where required and possible, so that evacuees can return. There are many cases of evacuation stress including transfer trauma among evacuees, and once the situation had stabilized at the plant these outweighed the radiological hazards of returning, with deaths reported see below.

The government said it would consider purchasing land and houses from residents of these areas if the evacuees wish to sell them. In November the NRA decided to change the way radiation exposure was estimated. Instead of airborne surveys being the basis, personal dosimeters would be used, giving very much more accurate figures, often much less than airborne estimates. Measurement was by personal dosimeters over August-September Disaster-related deaths are in addition to the over 19, that died in the actual earthquake and tsunami.

The premature disaster-related deaths were mainly related to i physical and mental illness brought about by having to reside in shelters and the trauma of being forced to move from care settings and homes; and ii delays in obtaining needed medical support because of the enormous destruction caused by the earthquake and tsunami. However, the radiation levels in most of the evacuated areas were not greater than the natural radiation levels in high background areas elsewhere in the world where no adverse health effect is evident.

The figure is greater than for Iwate and Miyagi prefectures, with and respectively, though they had much higher loss of life in the earthquake and tsunami — over 14, Causes of indirect deaths include physical and mental stress stemming from long stays at shelters, a lack of initial care as a result of hospitals being disabled by the disaster, and suicides. As of July , over 41, people from Fukushima were still living as evacuees. The money was tax-exempt and paid unconditionally.

In October , about 84, evacuees received the payments. The Fukushima prefecture had 17, government-financed temporary housing units for some 29, evacuees from the accident. The number compared with very few built in Miyagi, Iwate and Aomori prefectures for the , tsunami survivor refugees there.

In April , the first residents of Okuma, the closest town to the plant, were allowed to return home. According to a survey released by the prefectural government in April , the majority of people who voluntarily evacuated their homes after the accident and who are now living outside of Fukushima prefecture do not intend to return. A Mainichi report said that Of the voluntary evacuees still living in Fukushima prefecture, An August Reconstruction Agency report also considered workers at Fukushima power plant.

The death toll directly due to the nuclear accident or radiation exposure remained zero, but stress and disruption due to the continuing evacuation remains high.

Summary : Many evacuated people remain unable to fully return home due to government-mandated restrictions based on conservative radiation exposure criteria. Decontamination work is proceeding while radiation levels decline naturally. Removing contaminated water from the reactor and turbine buildings had become the main challenge by week 3, along with contaminated water in trenches carrying cabling and pipework.

This was both from the tsunami inundation and leakage from reactors. Run-off from the site into the sea was also carrying radionuclides well in excess of allowable levels. By the end of March all storages around the four units — basically the main condenser units and condensate tanks — were largely full of contaminated water pumped from the buildings. Some storage tanks were set up progressively, including initially steel tanks with rubber seams, each holding m 3.

A few of these developed leaks in Accordingly, with government approval, Tepco over April released to the sea about 10, cubic metres of slightly contaminated water 0.

Unit 2 is the main source of contaminated water, though some of it comes from drainage pits. NISA confirmed that there was no significant change in radioactivity levels in the sea as a result of the 0. By the end of June , Tepco had installed concrete panels to seal the water intakes of units , preventing contaminated water leaking to the harbour. From October, a steel water shield wall was built on the sea frontage of units It extends about one kilometre, and down to an impermeable layer beneath two permeable strata which potentially leak contaminated groundwater to the sea.

The inner harbour area which has some contamination is about 30 ha in area. In July-August only 0. Tepco built a new wastewater treatment facility to treat contaminated water. A supplementary and simpler SARRY simplified active water retrieve and recovery system plant to remove caesium using Japanese technology and made by Toshiba and The Shaw Group was installed and commissioned in August The NRA approved the extra capacity in August ALPS is a chemical system which will remove radionuclides to below legal limits for release.

However, because tritium is contained in water molecules, ALPS cannot remove it, which gives rise to questions about the discharge of treated water to the sea. Collected water from them, with high radioactivity levels, was being treated for caesium removal and re-used.

Apart from this recirculating loop, the cumulative treated volume was then 1. Almost m 3 of sludge from the water treatment was stored in shielded containers.