What makes mitochondria and chloroplasts unique
To be called an eukaryote, it is more important to have phagocytosis and mitochondria then nucleus because 1 nucleus is not always exists, it could disappear during the division of cell and 2 some prokaryotes planctobacteria also have membrane compartments containing DNA. On next step, some eukaryotes also captured cyanobacteria or another photosynthetic eukaryote , which became chloroplasts. These photosynthetic protists are called algae. Cells of all eukaryotes have two genomes, nuclear usually has biparental origin whereas mitochondial genome normally originates only from mother.
Plant cells, in turn, have three genomes , and chloroplast genome is usually also inherited maternally. Chloroplasts synthesize organic compounds whereas mitochondria produce most of the cytoplasmic ATP.
Both organells are covered with two membranes and contain circular DNA and ribosomes similar to bacterial. The area surrounded by the folds is called the mitochondrial matrix. The cristae and the matrix have different roles in cellular respiration.
In keeping with our theme of form following function, it is important to point out that muscle cells have a very high concentration of mitochondria because muscle cells need a lot of energy to contract. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts also have their own DNA and ribosomes. Chloroplasts function in photosynthesis and can be found in eukaryotic cells such as plants and algae.
Carbon dioxide CO 2 , water, and light energy are used to make glucose and oxygen in photosynthesis. This is the major difference between plants and animals: Plants autotrophs are able to make their own food, like glucose, whereas animals heterotrophs must rely on other organisms for their organic compounds or food source.
The fluid enclosed by the inner membrane and surrounding the grana is called the stroma. The chloroplasts contain a green pigment called chlorophyll , which captures the energy of sunlight for photosynthesis. The mitochondrion uses the vast surface of the inner membrane to perform many chemical reactions. The chemical reactions include filtering out certain molecules and attaching other molecules to transport proteins.
The transport proteins will carry select molecule types into the matrix, where oxygen combines with food molecules to create energy. Chloroplasts : The inner structure of chloroplasts is more complex than that of mitochondria. Within the inner membrane, the chloroplast organelle is composed of stacks of thylakoid sacks.
The stacks of sacks are connected to each other by stromal lamellae. The stromal lamellae keep the thylakoid stacks at set distances from each other.
Chlorophyll covers each stack. The chlorophyll converts sunlight photons, water and carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen. This chemical process is called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis initiates the generation of adenosine triphosphate in the chloroplast's stroma. Stroma is a semi-fluid substance that fills the space around the thylakoid stacks and stromal lamellae.
The matrix of mitochondria contains a chain of respiratory enzymes. Mitochondria are colourless. Green in colour. No pigments are present. It consists of various pigments like chlorophyll, carotenoids, and photosynthetic pigments. Inner membrane. The inner membrane in mitochondria is folded into cristae. The inner membrane in chloroplast forms flattened sacs called thylakoids. Matrix and Cristae are the two chambers in mitochondria. Chloroplast has two chambers, thylakoid, and stroma.
Other Characteristics. Mitochondria consume oxygen to provide energy to the cells. They release energy by breaking down organic material and produce carbon dioxide and water. Chloroplasts release oxygen. Chloroplasts store energy and use carbon dioxide and water to produce Glucose energy. Mitochondria Chloroplast Presence Present in cells of all types of aerobic organisms, plants, and animals.
Size Small in size when compared to chloroplast 0. Shape Mitochondria are generally cylindrical in outline chloroplasts are disc-shaped Colour Mitochondria are colourless. Pigments No pigments are present. Inner membrane The inner membrane in mitochondria is folded into cristae.