Query tools and languages

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If you're familiar with SQL, it shouldn't be too hard to learn. Table used in all examples: Throughout this section, all examples of queries refer to the following table. The column headers are the column identifiers.

Typically, QL requires users to input a structured command that is similar and close to the English language querying construct.

The customer will retrieve all data from the …. The sentencelike structure of a SQL query resembles natural language except that its syntax is limited and fixed. Instead of using a SQL statement, it is possible to represent queries in tabular form.

The query uses schema entities that are organized in a hierarchy similar to …. There are several different variants of QL and it has wide implementation in various database-centered services such as extracting data from deductive and OLAP databases, providing API based access to remote applications and services and more.

By: Brad Rudisail Contributor. By: Kaushik Pal Contributor. By: Leah Zitter Contributor. Dictionary Dictionary Term of the Day. Techopedia Terms. Connect with us. Sign up. Term of the Day. Scalar functions can be passed any expression that evaluates to the parameter of the appropriate type. Note that these types are the types defined in the Literals section of this document, which might be slightly different than the similarly named JavaScript objects.

Scalar functions can be used in any of the following clauses: select , where , group by , pivot , order by , label , and format. Returns the year value from a date or datetime value.

For example: year date "" returns Returns the zero-based month value from a date or datetime value. For example: month date "" returns 1. Note: the months are 0-based, so the function returns 0 for January, 1 for February, etc. Returns the day of the month from a date or datetime value. For example: day date "" returns 5. Returns the hour value from a datetime or timeofday value.

For example: hour timeofday "" returns Returns the minute value from a datetime or timeofday value. For example: minute timeofday "" returns 3. Returns the second value from a datetime or timeofday value. For example: second timeofday "" returns Returns the millisecond part of a datetime or timeofday value. For example: millisecond timeofday " Returns the quarter from a date or datetime value. For example: quarter date "" returns 1. Note that quarters are 1-based, so the function returns 1 for the first quarter, 2 for the second, etc.

Returns the day of week from a date or datetime value. For example: dayOfWeek date "" returns 5. Note that days are 1-based, so the function returns 1 for Sunday, 2 for Monday, etc. Returns the difference in days between two date or datetime values. Note: Only the date parts of the values are used in the calculation and thus the function always returns an integer value.

For example: dateDiff date "", date "" returns 29; dateDiff date "", date "" returns Time values are truncated before comparison. Returns the given string in upper case letters.

For example: upper "foo" returns "FOO". Returns the given string in lower case letters. For example: lower "Bar" returns "bar". You can use arithmetic operators to perform mathematic operations upon anything that evaluates to single number that is, the output of appropriate aggregate functions, operators, or constants.

Literals are values used for comparisons or assignments. Here are some examples of literals used in query syntax:. Otherwise, your identifier does not need to be quoted. Note that not all keywords defined by the syntax are reserved words; so, for example, you can use "max" as an identifier, without having to back-quote it. These are common mistakes, and often hard to debug. Identifiers and string literals are case-sensitive.

All other language elements are case-insensitive. The following reserved words must be back-quoted if used as an identifier :. Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4. For details, see the Google Developers Site Policies. Google Charts. Home Guides Reference Support. Query Classes. Standard Visualization Methods and Properties. Assorted Static Methods. Data Tables This document uses the term data table to refer to the result set of a query.

Each column in a data table has the following properties: Identifier or column ID. Used to reference columns within the query. Note that you should never try to reference a column by label in a query, only by identifier. Tip: Try not to use any IDs that include spaces; spaces are hard to manage and can cause you to make small, but hard to find mistakes, in your coding. Additionally, an ID that includes spaces must be surrounded by back-quotes.

A string that is typically displayed to end users. For example as a legend within a pie chart, or a column header in a table.

Data type. Supported data types are string , number , boolean , date , datetime and timeofday. All values of a column will have a data type that matches the column type, or a null value. These types are similar, but not identical, to the JavaScript types. Formatting pattern. The data source can define formatting patterns for some or all of its columns. You can override this pattern by including a format clause. Selects which columns to return, and in what order.