Spirax sarco pdf

->>>> Click Here to Download <<<<<<<-

Exhaust Vapour Condenser 2 Pages. Condensate recovery solutions 16 Pages. TN 1 Pages. SC20 Sample Coolers 3 Pages. Flash Vessel 4 Pages. Boiler feedback systems 8 Pages. Pressurised deaerator solutions 4 Pages. Steam Trapping Overview 22 Pages. BDV60 Blowdown vessels 7 Pages. Not fitting a flow balancing condensate header joined by hot boiler flow water will enter valve may result in short circuiting finned tubes.

The headers may be through Port X to mix with a corre- and starvation of other subcircuits. The balancing valve is set so or sometimes an internal steam that the resistance to flow in the When the three-port valve is tube is used to carry the steam to bypass line equals or exceeds that used to blend cold supply water the remote end of an outer finned in the load part of the subcircuit.

Vertical headers may be used with horizontal finned tubes, Case in Action: Hydrogen Compressor Cooling Jacket Temperature Control Hydrogen gas is an important ingredient to many oil refin- Solution ing processes. Large multi-stage compressors are located A 2" temperature control with adjustable bleed and a sens- in operating sections throughout the refinery.

This had the effect of holding back Glycol in the as a high-pitched whistling noise was heard coming from jacket sufficiently to prevent excess hydrogen condensing the compressor sections.

It was determined to be the while, at the same time, maintaining necessary cooling. Outlet Venting Air From Coils Outlet As steam enters a coil it drives air Inlet Outlets ahead of it to the drain point, or to a remote area furthest from the inlet.

Coils with part load conditions to push con- a center inlet connection make it densate through the traps, Vacuum Breaker more difficult to ensure that air is especially if it is then to be lifted And Trap Location pushed from the top tubes, the to a return line at high level or A vacuum breaker ensures that steam tending to short circuit past against a back pressure.

System some differential pressure can these tubes to the condensate steam pressure lifts condensate, always exist across a trap that header. Automatic air venting of not the trap, and is generally not drains by gravity but any elevation the top condensate header of appreciated how quickly the pres- of condensate after the trap these coils is essential. With other sure within the steam space can reduces the hydraulic head avail- layouts, an assessment must be be reduced by the action of the able.

Heating is done using an made of the most likely part of the control valve. It is not recommend- a Float-Thermostatic type is the ature stratification, corrosion and ed to fit a vacuum breaker on the first choice. When an inverted freeze-up begin. The coil must be steam trap where the hydraulic bucket or other type with limited fitted with a vacuum breaker so head of water used to push con- air capacity is used, an auxiliary that condensate is able to drain densate through the trap would air vent should be piped in parallel freely to the trap as shown in Fig.

As a general rule, II page 97 and from the trap In systems where the return a thermostatic vent and vacuum by gravity to a vented receiver piping is kept under vacuum, a breaker are desirable on most and return pump. This is especial- reversed swing check valve coils to prevent problems. With low coils, this may atmosphere, but to the discharge require the pump to be placed in side of the trap. If the coil is Float-Thermostatic type is recom- slow down.

If the coil is being used trapped correctly, the most likely mended for all air heating coils. One remedy for this is to fit a with a vertical drop giving enough pressure in the coil, although the air liquid expansion steam trap at the hydraulic head to enable a suit- passing over it is still cold enough lowest piping level, as shown in able size to be selected.

A 14" to lead to freeze-up problems. The coil then drains head about 1 psi, and to reduce controlling the steam supply to the only cold condensate to a sewer. II page 96 may occur, but pressure is maintained inverted bucket trap fitted above employ a direct-acting temperature in the preheat coil until outside air the main trap which discharges to control or with larger coils, a quick- temperatures are above the dan- drain whenever coil pressure is er responding pilot-operated type ger point.

Such an arrangement low, but due to its design locks shut with a closer control band is rec- reduces freeze-up problems in at higher pressure.

While this is ommended. This arrangement many instances on existing instal- useful on pressurized mains, the allows filtration and perhaps humid- lations, at minimal cost. This makes the combina- distribution. The other three were drained heat. This example in specific has three floors with approx- by either open or closed loop PPP systems.

Four days into imately , ft2 of floor space and heated with air the test and the unit without a PPP drainage system had handling units.

These units are comprised of bay heaters, three frozen coils. A test was conducted on four air handling units. Thus, the steam 6 1. These pressure available to operate the problems are the result of coil trap is not constant but varies with 7 1. Actual differential across The steam supply pressure is the trap is further reduced when shown on the vertical axis, with b.

Flow rate through an exchang- the heating surface is oversized or corresponding temperatures on er decreases below the the trap must discharge against a the opposite side, and the plot will maximum equipment output. Knowing these indicate graphically what will occur In a steam system, tempera- conditions, the system must be for any percentage of the design ture regulation actually means designed accordingly. This method provides a fairly controlling the pressure. Equipment oversizing causes 80 the system to stall faster.

The system is designed for Step 4. Coil pressure equals Step 2. This pres- must operate against back pres- the air flows at a constant rate sure is P1 and has a steam sure.

In a grav- occur for some period of time on common one. If the stall chart ity system with sub-atmospheric startup when the steam condens- Figure Air Make-up Coil Stall Chart es quickly and the pressure drops below the required differential. Atmospheric sys- tems tend to operate more 80 T2 predictably and are generally eas- 60 ier to control but major heating equipment is usually not drained 40 MT1 MT into an atmospheric return 20 because of the large amount of R2 0 energy that is lost from the vent.

This size trap will arrangement, the equipment pump. II page maximum capacity. The basic hookup is ment and provides the additional While group trapping should gen- shown in Fig.

II page 99 advantages of no atmospheric erally be avoided, a system with a where the equipment is constant- venting, no vacuum breakers, single control valve supplying ly stalled and back pressure therefore less oxygen contamina- steam to identical parallel coils always exceeds the control valve tion and no electric pump seals to within the same air stream can be supply pressure.

In many closed loop applica- the liquid reservoir for accumula- tions, the pump alone is not See Fig. This hookup tion during discharge, and requires that the pressure must be suitable because the steam sup- consideration should also be ply pressure can at times exceed free to equalize into each coil.

No given to shutdown draining with a reduced coil connections can be the back pressure P1 is higher on liquid expansion steam trap. Trap sizing is more critical free to drain by gravity give maxi- and should be a high capacity mum heat output.

Products going strainers. Steam is used to drive the absorption process at low pressure, typically below 15 psig. Condensate drainage Benefits becomes a very real concern.

Condensate system automatic control valve, thorough condensate drainage backpressure is a constant psig, considering the 30 ft. Multi-Coil Heaters In many cases, a fluid is heated point given the proportion of the section, estimate the temperature by passing it through a series of total heater load which is carried at the outlet from the first section, heat exchangers which are all by the first section.

Steam Temp. Outlet Temp. This Solution means that a great deal of air heating is necessary, partic- Mill Engineers, working with the local Spirax Sarco ularly during winter months.

Air Make-Up systems are split Representative, developed a long-range plan to redesign between two general applications: and retrofit the entire Air Make-Up System. Over the last a. The project will continue until the temperature heating i. Pocket Ventilation or PV coils. They have similarly retrofitted b.

There is no loss to The mill experienced a chronic problem of frozen Air flash. Make-Up coils, typically associated with condensate flood- ing and waterhammer.

Chemicals are not lost out the vent. All removed from service, requiring extensive repair. Flooding has been eliminated. With drip legs less all types of traps, along with the with low capacity orifice or small- than 18", consult a Spirax need for proper air venting and er unless otherwise shown on the Sarco representative.

They shall be located with a 3 times factor at full of the application compared to every feet or less. Radiator pressure differential for all trap characteristics including dis- traps shall be pipe size. A summary of these typical recom- pressure have traps selected tions found in Table 11 reflect this.

With drip legs less a 2 times factor at full pres- than 18", consult a Spirax sure differential. Sarco representative. Case in Action: Polyvinyl Butyral Extruders Condensate removal was needed from 3 polyvinyl butyral Solution extruders at a pressure of psi. This would give them immediate the extruder to provide product quality in the melt. There condensate removal; therefore maintaining a consistant were nine sections per extruder. Also, upon trap styles to drain the extruders.

Most recently they used recommendation, strainers were installed before the traps a competitors bimetallic trap. They were experiencing to help keep dirt out, and cut down on maintenance cost. The steam pressure at the trap—after any pressure drop through steam trap is easier today for sys- control valves or equipment. The Spirax 2. SNAP not only rec- e. A Condensate taken to a pressurized DA.

The SNAP program is 5. Control the condensate load for a wide Mains Drainage x2 — range of drip, tracing and process Storage Heaters x2 — applications described both by Space Unit Heaters x2 x3 common name and generic Air Heating Coils x2 x3 description.

Significant is the fact Submerged Coils low level drain x2 — that a SNAP user has the choice Submerged Coils siphon drain x3 — of selecting either a recommend- Rotating Cylinders x3 — ed type of trap or a different type Tracing Lines x2 — that may be preferred for any rea- son. For all selections, a formal Platen Presses x2 — specification sheet may be print- Rule of thumb: Use factor of 2 on everything except Temperature ed which contains additional Controlled Air Heater Coils and Converters, and information.

Siphon applications. There will be a lift after the trap of 20 ft. Because of the wide array of steam trap applications with inherently different characteristics, choosing the correct steam trap for optimum performance is difficult. Waterhammer, superheat, corrosive conden- sate, or other damaging operating characteristics dramatically affect performance of a steam trap.

You have our word on it! The 15 4. Commonly referred to as 60 Proportion Of Flash Steam Released The amount of flash steam which To simplify this procedure we depends upon the difference each pound of condensate will can use Table 12 to read off the between the pressures upstream release may be calculated readi- percentage of flash steam pro- and downstream of the trap and ly.

Subtracting the sensible heat duced by this pressure drop. The higher the initial pres- sate passing through the traps sate being discharged from a sure and the lower the flash will give the amount of heat avail- steam trap to an atmospheric, recovery pressure, the greater able from each pound to provide gravity flow condensate return the quantity of flash steam pro- Latent Heat of Vaporization.

Dividing this amount by the actu- centage of the condensate would It must be noted here that the al Latent Heat per pound at the be Multiplying by the saturated steam discharging to the condensate is discharged as total quantity of condensate being the same 0 psig atmospheric rapidly as it appears at the trap. When all low pressure steam.

Sometimes it new back pressure applied to else fails, in many facilities can be simply piped into a low them by the flash recovery there is always a need for hot pressure distribution main for system. Particular care is water, especially in the boiler general use.

The ideal is to have needed when attempting to house. This can be supplied a greater demand for Low recover flash steam from via a heat exchanger and the Pressure steam, at all times, than condensate which is leaving use of flash steam. It is also preferable to select Only as a last resort should flash modulating temperature con- an application for the flash steam be vented to atmosphere trol valve. At less than full steam which is reasonably and lost.

If the flash steam is to be action of the temperature Piping for low pressure steam recovered and utilized, it has to control valve. If the steam is inevitably of larger be separated from the conden- space pressure approaches diameter.

This makes it sate. This is best achieved by or even falls below the flash somewhat costly to install. A typical arrange- impractical by a steam trap from flash steam recovery ment is shown in Fig.

II page alone, and the equipment and in the worst cases could The second requirement is a a single piece of equipment that adequately, so as not to have car- suitable use for low pressure condenses a large amount of ryover of condensate out into the flash steam. Ideally, low pres- steam, such as a large steam to flash steam recovery system. The exceeds the available flash systems by design will apply a condensate drops to the bottom steam supply.

The deficit can backpressure to the equipment of the flash tank where it is then be made up through a being utilized as the flash steam removed by a float and thermo- pressure reducing valve set.

The flash steam If the supply of flash steam outlet connection is sized so that exceeds the demand for it, How To Size Flash Tanks the flash steam velocity through the surplus may have to be And Vent Lines the outlet is approximately 50 vented to waste through a Whether a flash tank is atmos- ft.

The condensate inlet is backpressure control valve pheric or pressurized for flash also sized for 50 ft. II, page Thus, it is possible to utilize mining its size is the same. The A number of basic require- the flash steam from process most important dimension is the ments and considerations have to condensate on a space heat- diameter. It must be large enough be met before flash steam recov- ing installation - but the to provide adequate separation of ery is a viable and economical savings will only be achieved the flash and condensate to mini- proposition: during the heating season.

When heating is not required, 1. It is first essential to have a the recovery system sufficient supply of conden- becomes ineffective. Determine percent flash enter Fig. As value of If schedule 80 the body of chart for schedule 2. Next, multiply the condensate pipe is to be installed, the 80 pipe. Process vent. The installation was immediately successful. The process depends on accurate temperature than any other comparable unit, to date, at the refinery. This improves productivity. Condensate is lifted 15 feet from the outlet at the is able to operate efficiently at any degree of turndown.

If maxi- tions, each section requiring Size 1 5 7 10 mum steam system efficiency is different design considerations. Pumped return systems uti- lizing electric or non-electric First, one pound of steam be allowed to discharge to drain. This means been recovered. It is possible to that if a trap discharges use condensate as hot process sate has to flow from the condensing surface to the steam pounds per hour of condensate water but the best arrangement is from psig to atmosphere, the to return it to the boiler house, trap.

In most cases this means that gravity is relied on to induce weight of flash steam released where it can be re-used as boiler will be It will also have 12, water and the chemicals needed the same pressure.

This for boiler feed treatment. It is important to allow the drain. In One justifiable reason for these pipes on twice the full run- gone back to the boiler house for not returning condensate is the ning load.

Perforated Since we just wasted it, we now coils in process vessels and heat Trap Discharge Lines have to supply These should drain by gravity to the con- Secondly, the actual forma- problems have been lessened by densate receiver, whether this be tion of flash steam takes place the application of sensing sys- a flash recovery vessel or the within and downstream of the tems monitoring the quality of vented receiver of a pump.

When steam trap orifice where pressure condensate in different holding sizing return lines, two important drop occurs. From this point areas of a plant to determine con- practical points must be consid- onward, the condensate return densate quality and providing a ered.

It is condensate. Sizing of con- traps and give rise to waterlog- large. By determining the quantity densate return lines from trap ging of the LP system.

This causes con- seats in the traps. At the down- accommodated. The pressure at the end of from a psig steam trap dis- why the majority of 0 psi atmos- the return line, either atmos- charging to 20 psig. Determine percent flash not operate at 0 psig.

To take this 2. The hydrostatic head needed steam produced using Table thought one step further for those to lift the condensate up any 12 page With a steam people who perform temperature risers in the line. The pressure drop needed to flash tank pressure of 20 psig if the trap has failed, the instant carry the condensate and read a value of Next, multiply the condensate develop in the condensate return line.

So, trap testing by temperature pressures enters a common line. If this is accepted, the total condensate return line size peratures do not necessarily return line cross sectional area which will give a velocity mean a trap has failed. The chart at Fig. If schedule 80 51 page 43 allows the lines to The return could become pipe is to be used, refer to be sized as flash steam lines— undersized, requiring a high pres- table within body of chart.

These pumped con- the pipe at appropriate points, the alternative may be to pipe the densate lines carry only water, air which enters through the vac- trap discharge through a sparge and rather higher water velocities uum breaker. The extra friction The practice of connecting The trap most suitable for this losses entailed must not increase additional trap discharge lines application would be the Float back pressures to the point where into the pumped main is to be and Thermostatic type due to its the pump capacity is affected.

The continuous discharge. This is very Table 35 page 77 can be used flash steam which is released much a compromise and will not to help estimate the frictional from this extra condensate leads always avoid the noise see Fig. Commonly, velocities in ing noise within the piping reduce the severity. This increased from Trap instantaneous flow rate must be kept in mind when sizing the delivery lines.

Similar considera- tions apply when steam powered pumps are used, or appropriate steps taken to help attain con- stant flow along as much as Condensate possible of the system. At the end of the discharge cycle when the pump stops, the water tends to keep moving along Thermo- the pipe and may pull air or steam Dynamic into the delivery pipe through the Steam Trap pump outlet check valve.

When with Integral Strainer this bubble of steam reaches a cooler zone and condenses, the water in the pipe is pulled back Trap Diffuser towards the pump. As the Spira-tec Loss Detector reversed flow reaches and closes the check valve, waterhammer often results. This problem is greatly reduced by adding a sec- ond check valve in the delivery line some 15 or 20 ft. Even where deaera- in psi that is at atmos- the pump or negative for a tors are at low level, they usually pheric pressure in the lift to the pump operate at a pressure a few psi case of a vented receiver.

Electric Condensate The absolute pressure at the above the pump inlet is already inlet to the pump is usually the fixed by the pump manufacturer, it Return Pumps atmospheric pressure in the is only necessary to ensure that When using electric pumps to lift receiver, plus the static head from the pump set has sufficient the condensate, packaged units the water surface to the pump capacity at the water temperature comprising a receiver tank usu- inlet, minus the friction loss expected at the pump.

Pump ally vented to atmosphere and through pipes, valves and fittings manufacturers usually have a set one or more motorized pumps between the receiver and the of capacity curves for the pump are commonly used. It is impor- pump. If this absolute pressure when handling water at different tant with these units to make sure exceeds the vapor pressure of temperatures and these should that the maximum condensate water at the temperature at which be consulted. There, the condensate is pressures exist in return lines.

If the water does begin to boil exchanger of some type. The cooling effect of the eroding the pump and eventually densate pumps, such as the piping is limited to condensing a destroying it. The noise, which usually diminishes which can be pressurized, using water must remain in the receiver as a valve at the pump outlet is steam, air or other gas.

The gas for an appreciable time if it is to closed down. A closed system vent line, the receiver should be body. At the end of the discharge requires only a liquid reservoir. In sized to reduce flow velocity to stroke, an internal mechanism open systems, the vented receiv- about 10 FPS.

The pressuriz- arate the flash steam released. When the pressures are heating systems may be piped piece of equipment. This with air heating coils, to the reser- only, there can be no cavitation does not eliminate the require- voir. This allows condensate to and this pump readily handles ment that there must be enough drain freely to the pump inlet and boiling water or other liquids com- piping to store condensate during through a steam trap at the pump patible with its materials of the brief discharge cycle.

In many outlet. Only liquid is contained in construction. II page 99 illustrates The capacity of the pump horizontal pipe which is vented to how the Pressure-Powered pump depends on the filling head avail- eliminate flash steam. In higher functions as a pumping trap, and able, the size of the condensate pressure, high load systems, the use Fig. II page when connections, the pressure of the larger quantity of flash released the steam supply may sometimes operating steam or gas, and the requires a vented receiver with be greater than the return pres- total head through which the con- piping adequate to permit com- sure and a combination densate is lifted.

This will include plete separation. Tables listing capacities under varying condi- tions are provided in the catalog bulletins. This Powered allows condensate to enter the Pump pump but during the short dis- charge stroke, the inlet check valve is closed and condensate accumulates in the inlet piping.

These Larger printing mills typically use steam-heated rolls to dry were in addition to the 16 float and thermostatic steam the printed material. The electric motor-driven condensate traps installed on each dryer roll. It is therefore very impor- something of a misnomer and is effect still, and is often tant to know which is being used commonly used as a blanket produced from deionized or for any application, as the charac- description to cover the three distilled water.

A simpliffied teristics and system requirements basic types - filtered steam, clean generator and distribution for each can differ greatly.

Note steam and pure steam. A typical deionized or pyrogen-free entiation is required. For example, if Thus, the three different 2. For weight of water, usually in the Note in particular that: example, the FDA restricts form of a fine mist, and 95 parts the use of certain additives, 1. The quality of filtered steam including amines, in any by weight of dry saturated steam. Assuming the generating and the steam delivered from the boil- quality related to the design distribution system have er is dry saturated steam.

Dependent volatiles, or particles in vapour or system, number and effec- on feed water type, the same by tiny droplets that may remain in tiveness of mains, drainage may also apply to clean the steam following primary sepa- points, etc. Regulators Clean Steam for accurate Distribution Main pressure control Separators and filters for efficient conditioning of steam.

Condensate Diaphragm Condensate Process steam traps for Valves effective contaminated Condensate condensate drainage. Again, condensate is System Design design which must be considered then likely to be very aggressive The proper and effective drainage once the requirement for clean and so careful consideration must of condensate from any steam steam has been identified.

This is poor condensate drainage in the etc. We aim to be the first choice provider by having a comprehensive product offering From the most sophisticated Product overview Complete integrated solutions 06 Packaged heat exchangers, product assemblies, system audits, design, installation, maintenance and project management. Boiler controls and systems 10 Feedtanks, level controls and alarms, feedpump check valves , boiler blowdown valves, TDS control systems, steam injection systems, sample coolers, heat recovery systems, conductivity meters, condensate contamination detectors, blowdown vessels and vent heads.

Flowmeters 12 Variable area flowmeters, orifice plates, flow computers and display units. High purity products Steam generators, stills, temperature controls, pressure controls instrumentation, steam traps, sample coolers, ball valves , separators and filters.

Complete integrated solutions Businesses today are increasingly relying on outside expertise for management of their energy sources. This allows them to concentrate more on their core business activities. Spirax Sarco has the expertise and products our customers require regarding the use of steam and other related industrial fluids. Our offering makes us the perfect partner as a solutions provider.

These solutions can range from simple product assemblies to major turnkey projects such as boiler house upgrades. System services At Spirax Sarco we offer a complete range of services to ensure Heat transfer solutions Packaged products High purity generators Assemblies of products all selected and sized to provide an A range of generators which produce clean steam, integrated solution.

Packaged heat exchange solutions can be provided to meet your exact requirements, Boiler control and systems An extensive range of boiler controls and systems are available. Steam injection systems The Spirax Sarco feedtank is an atmospheric deaerator fully Steam injection systems can be used to inject steam into constructed in stainless steel - no rusting, no linings, coatings feedtanks to drive off the dissolved oxygen.

This reduces or joints to leak. Improve your operating efficiency with our condensate recovery solutions, designed to remove, recover and reuse condensate.

Safe isolation provided by a comprehensive range of designs, materials and sizes to meet your application needs. Be in control of humidification in your environment with our direct steam injection and self-generative humidifiers. Ensure air is delivered to the point of use at the right quantity and quality. Solutions and steam expertise to help you improve productivity and product quality to meet standards.

Reliable building services are important which is why our steam experts ensure your system runs efficiently. Maximise productivity upstream and downstream with our know-how in steam and oil and gas processes. Meet quality challenges with steam expertise and solutions that are all tailored for a sterile production environment. Global support and solutions from a team passionate about steam to ensure you meet end user expectations.