Science the write way pdf

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Every section of the manuscript needs to support that one fundamental idea. Scientific authors are often scared to make confident statements with muscularity. When they write for a journal gatekeeper rather than for a human being, the result is muddy prose.

I encourage scientists to read outside their field to better appreciate the craft and principles of writing. Zoe Doubleday, ecologist, University of Adelaide, Australia; co-author of a paper on embracing creativity and writing accessible prose in scientific publications.

Always think of your busy, tired reader when you write your paper — and try to deliver a paper that you would enjoy reading yourself. Why does scientific writing have to be stodgy, dry and abstract? Humans are story-telling animals. Doubleday et al. Trends Ecol. One of the principal problems with writing a manuscript is that your individual voice is stamped out. Writers can be stigmatized by mentors, manuscript reviewers or journal editors if they use their own voice.

It is a concern. Once the paper has a clear message, I suggest that writers try some vivid language to help to tell the story. But, ultimately, the editors let me keep it. Recently, after hearing me speak on this topic, a colleague mentioned that she had just rejected a review paper because she felt the style was too non-scientific. She admitted that she felt she had made the wrong decision and would try to reverse it. It sounds good, but the purpose of a scientific paper is to convey information.

Flourishes can be distracting. Figurative language can also bamboozle a non-native English speaker. My advice is to make the writing only as complex as it needs to be. We will guide you through all the parts of a scientific report, step-by-step. Scientific reports allow their readers to understand the experiment without doing it themselves.

In addition, scientific reports give others the opportunity to check the methodology of the experiment to ensure the validity of the results.

A scientific report is written in several stages. We write the introduction, aim, and hypothesis before performing the experiment, record the results during the experiment, and complete the discussion and conclusions after the experiment. But, before we delve deeper into how to write a scientific report, we need to have a science experiment to write about! An Experimental Report Template to help you write up your experiments perfectly!

Photosynthesis is a vital process for life. It occurs when plants intake carbon dioxide, water, and light, and results in the production of glucose and water. The light required for photosynthesis is absorbed by chlorophyll, the green pigment of plants, which is contained in the chloroplasts. The glucose produced through photosynthesis is stored as starch, which is used as an energy source for the plant and its consumers. The aim identifies what is going to be tested in the experiment.

This should be short, concise and clear. The hypothesis is a prediction of the outcome of the experiment. You have to use background information to make an educated prediction. It is predicted that photosynthesis will occur only in leaves that are exposed to light and not in leaves that are not exposed to light. This will be indicated by the presence or absence of starch in the leaves. Identify the hazards associated with the experiment and provide a method to prevent or minimise the risks.

A hazard is something that can cause harm, and the risk is the likelihood that harm will occur from the hazard. Remember, you have to specify the type of harm that can occur because of the hazard.

It is not enough to simply identify the hazard. Wear closed, durable shoes to prevent injury from falling sharp instruments. Methylated spirits are highly flammable and can cause burns or fires. Low Before using methylated spirits, ensure that all ignition sources such as Bunsen burners and matches are extinguished. And even when teachers can carve out such moments, what do science writing lessons look like? This valuable compendium, which collects articles originally published in the award-winning journals Science and Children and Science Scope , highlights the importance of science writing and attempts to help elementary and middle school teachers of science tackle the topic with confidence and ease.

Outlining both the process and the methods for teaching science writing, articles cover lab reports, science journals, field guides, interactive science notebooks, blogs, and even creative nonfiction and environmental poetry. Practical—and time-efficient—assessment ideas are also covered. Community Reviews Visit the Forums. Paraphrased to Gamma rays consists of high energy photons that have neither mass nor charge. When it is appropriate change passive voice to active and move phrases and modifiers: Ex: The entrance exam was failed by over one-fourth of the students.

Paraphrased to Over one-fourth of the students failed the entrance exam. Use synonyms of phrases and words Ex: Original version: At the beginning of the 's the incidence tuberculosis increased.

Paraphrase version: There was a resurgence of tuberculosis at the start of the decade. Recommended Methods of Paraphrasing The following are some recommended methods of paraphrasing:.

However, do not change concept words, technical terms and proper nouns. Ex: original sentence: Hidden-video cameras are becoming increasingly popular. Paraphrasing sentence 1: Hidden-video cameras are becoming more popular. Ex: original sentence: Baghdad is the Capital of Iraq. Paraphrasing sentence 2: Iraq's capital city is Baghdad. Also, you can make friends with them. Paraphrasing sentence: You can talk and make friends with people you are playing soccer with.

Paraphrase version : The improvement of children's speech is one result of playing word puzzle and trivia games. Paraphrased version: Parents should restrict their children's use of computer games. Ex: Original version: Hidden-video cameras are becoming increasingly popular because they are effective in recording abuse by babysitters. Paraphrasing version: New regulations were adopted by the college of engineering on the entrance exam.

Paraphrasing Long Passages To paraphrase a long passage, outline the passage first, then take notes and finally write your paraphrase from your notes and go back to the original passage. Paraphrase vs Indirect Quotation As a matter of fact, paraphrasing is a form of indirect Quotation.

It restates the thoughts you have borrowed from another person in your own words and style. Paraphrases are more flexible than quotations and they fit more smoothly into your text. Paraphrase vs Summery The difference between paraphrase and summary is that summary is a shortened version of the original text while paraphrase is.

Ex2: Original: The Iraqi government has an enormous debt. Synonyms: The federal government has a huge debt. Ex3: Original: Overuse of ground water would lead to pervasive drought. Synonyms: Overuse of ground water would cause widespread dryness.

Synonyms: There has been a growing number of starving population in the last decade. Note: "has" in the original becomes "There has been " in the Synonyms. Note: After "it is" choose an adjective from "important, essential, necessary, difficult, easy, common, usual, possible, likely….. Synonyms: At present, powerful and widely used technology appears to be the main driving force of social change.

Delete the relative pronoun who,which, that….. Ex: Original: Police held back protesters who attempted to break through the barricades.

Synonyms: Police held back demonstrators trying to break through the barriers. Ex: Original: After Tom bought the famous painting, he discovered it was a fake. Synonyms: After paying for the well-known painting Tom found out it was a reproduction. Ex: Original: The owner of a petrol station could not verify the sources of petrol. As a result, he was alleged to illegally stock up an oil. Synonyms: failing to verify the petrol sources, the petrol station owner was charged with illegal stockpile of oil.

Use active or passive verb forms Paraphrasing can be enriched by changing between active and passive sentences. Although there is a subject shift, the overall meaning of the sentence remains the same. Ex1: Active : I did not kill a snake.

Passive : A snake was not killed by me. Ex2: Active : I am not writing a letter. Passive : A letter is not being written by me. Ex3: Active : Has she finished her work? Passive: Has her work been finished?

Ex4: Active: was he driving a car? Passive: Was a car being driven by him? What is Plagiarism Plagiarism is using other peoples' works and incorporating it as your own without full Acknowledgement.

This definition includes all published and unpublished printed or electronic materials. Acknowledgement of others' works must apply not only to text, but also to computer codes, graphs, illustrations and data drawn from books and journals or any academic work downloaded from websites. Plagiarism may be intentional, unintentional or reckless. Under the regulations, all these cases are disciplinary offence. It is clear from the above meaning that plagiarism involves stealing others' works and lying about it.

Thus, plagiarism is an act of fraud. Forms of Plagiarism There are many cases that can be classified as possible Plagiarism:. Thus quotations must be identified by quotation marks or parenthesis with full referencing to the original source. It is important to evaluate carefully , reference adequately and include in a bibliography information derived from the internet. Mere Mentioning of the original author is not enough to accept the work.

You should write a brief summary of the original argument in your own words to ensure your firm grasp of the argument. It is your responsibility to ensure that you are entirely clear about which parts of the work is your own and the extent of collaboration permitted within the group. Sources must be Indicated and traced to the primary one. This assistance could come from a fellow student or a lab.

Previous published work must be referenced clearly. Why does Plagiarism Matter Plagiarism is a breach of intellectual honesty. It is unethical and can have serious consequences on your future career.

It means poor scholarship and failure to complete the learning process. All members of the academic community should acknowledge the work they borrow.

Preventing Plagiarism Addressing plagiarism is considered an important step to prevent it among students. Intentional vs Unintentional Plagiarism Intentional plagiarism: There are many reasons why a student commits plagiarism intentionally. Unitentional plagiarism : unintentional plagiarism can occur and sometimes even the most well-intentioned writer organizes the work of others without proper authority.

Copyright Laws Copyright laws make it illegal to reproduce someone else's ideas, research or information without permission in order to protect intellectual property.

According to these laws, the copyright is protected. Thus, anyone who reproduces copyrighted material improperly can be prosecuted in a court of law. Any borrowed material that is shown to be substantially similar to the original one, may be considered a violation of the copyright act. Academic Punishment for Plagiarism Academic punishment could mean expulsion from school or at least failure of the course.

All Iraqi universities have zero tolerance for plagiarism. In fact academic standards of intellectual dignity are often more serious than even governmental copyright laws. Quotation Quotation is using or restating the exact words of someone else when those words are powerful or well-said. In general, any time you use three or more words from an original source, you should treat it as a quote.

A quotation from someone famous or smart can help make your own point sound better. Just remember, when you use a quotation put it in quotation marks and give power credit. There are two types of quotations, direct and indirect. Literal Quotation Literal quotes are a borrowed text or passage without any alteration or change. It is using the exact words of someone else and weaving them into your writing. Literal quotations can provide examples that strengthen a thought or idea.

It can also, spice up your written content and tie in what you are writing about for something specific in your research. Literal quotes are always offset with quotation marks. Paraphrasing Paraphrasing, in fact, is paraphrase or summary of the word of someone else included and worked into the text of your writing.

Basically, paraphrasing carry the meaning of a writers original words without using the exact words. Paraphrasing are not offset by quotation marks. Ex: Literal quotation: In the words of George Washington, "when you do the common things in life in an uncommon way, you will command the attention of the world". Paraphrasing: George Washington believed that the world takes notes when your everyday actions are done extraordinarily.

Shifting Between Literal Quotation and Paraphrasing It is advisable to use a mix both of literal quotation and paraphrasing when incorporating quotations.

Using all literal quotations or all paraphrasing can create boredom and replition. With repeated use of both types, you develop a feeling for when it is better to use one type over the other and makes your content more enging. Literal quotations are useful for incorporating coined phrases or flavorful words of someone else. Paraphrasing are useful when you simply need to summarize events, processes or details from a source.

Without overusing them, a good mix of both is an effective way to strengthen your words. Choosing which One to Use While both types of quotations are useful to strengthen your words and adding a colorful flavor in your writing, you might sometimes struggle which one to use. Sometimes an original author's words are so powerful that using a paraphrase quite reduces the effectiveness or loses conviction or strength. In these cases, stick to the literal quote to have the maximum effect on your readers.

Similarly, if you are trying to paraphrase or summarizing. Also, if you are writing about literature, literal quotes are often preferred because the exact words are what you are discussing. On the other hand, if you are writing something scientific, the general rule is to use indirect paraphrase quotation through paraphrasing. Paraphrasing is an excellent way to say what someone said and avoid the matter of word for word quoting altogether. Finally, focus on the reason behind your choice to incorporate certain quotations, that can help you decide which to use.

Quotation and Quote In formal English, quotation is a noun and quote is a verb and a noun. Quoting Word for Word wfw Never alter quotations, even when there exists a minor grammatical errors or word usage in them. Casual minor errors or tongue slips may be removed by using ellipses. Ellipsis is a set of three spaced dots… that is used when you omit words from a quote, in which case you must replace the omitted words with an ellipsis. Block Quotation A block quotation-in general-is any direct quote that is four or more lines-is any direct quotation when you wish to directly quote a long passage that when shortened loses its meaning or effectiveness.

Consider the following example: Ex: one of the most famous speeches in history is Martin Luther King's" I have a Dream " speech. Below is an excerpt from that speech that is full of passion and prose power in asking for peaceful approaches in the struggle for quality. But there is something that I must say to my people who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice. In the process of gaining our rightful place we must not to be quilty of wrongful deeds.

Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. Direct Quotation in the Scieneces The general convention in the sciences is that we use indirect quotation, that is, to paraphrase your sources and to use direct quotation as little as possible. When you do quote directly, you still need to discuss the quotation and not ask it to stand on its own.

Likewise, a comma follows when the sentence continues after the direct quotation has ended. Ex: Sun-Tze said long ago,"keep your friends close and your enemies closer," which means that staying aware of your enemies can give you a distinct advantage during time of war.

Ex: Winston Churchill stated, " A lie gets halfway around the world before the truth has a chance to get its pants on". Ex: Anyone who has recently fallen in love probably agrees with Dr.

Suess that "reality is better that your dreams" when sleeping proves difficult. Use the Latin expression [Sic] within brackets to show your reader that the mistake is part of the original text and not your own. You need to signal the reader that a quote is to be used. The following are some signal verbs you could use to integrate quotes into your text. Say, reply, state, declare, agree, describe, remark, conclude, claim, emphasize, suggest, think, argue, maintain.

Ex: Brett says," He wanted to grow my hair out. Me, with long hair. I'd look so like hell"Hemingway With this method, the quotation is usually a complete sentence so retain the capitalization of the first word. Ex: Brett reveals to Jake that she rejected the bullfighter because she could predict his controlling tendencies:"He really wanted to marry me.

So I couldn't go away from him.