Basic principles of interior design pdf

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Fluorescent lamps change color slightly when dimmed; their light tends to appear more purple at lower output levels. Fluorescent lamps are sensitive to temperature. Bulb temperature is critical for proper light output, and lamps operated in very cold or verywarm situations generally do not give off as much light as when operated at room temperature.

Also, lamps may not start if they are too cold. The minimum starting temperature of a lamp depends on the ballast; minimum starting temperature ratings are available for ballasts to help choose the right type.

Most fluorescent lamps get warm, but a person can touch one in operation without being burned. Standard Straight and U-bent Lamps Most common fluorescent lamps are straight tubes.

The longest standard fluorescent lamps are 8' long and the shortest are 4". U-bent lamps are straight lamps that are manufactured in a U shape but otherwise perform about the same as straight lamps. Standard straight and U-bent lamps are preferred for general illumination because of their cost effectiveness and energy efficiency. In current designs, the T-8 is the most commonly used general-purpose lamp, and the T-5 and T- 5 high-output lamps are becoming increasing popular for a number of specific lighting systems.

The T lamps are an older style that is less energy efficient. Induction lamps have most of the characteristics of fluorescent lamps, including 70 to 80 lumens per watt, choice of color, and high CRI. However, because induction lamps have no electrodes, the lamps are rated to 60, to , hours. An induction lamp used every day for 12 hours will last more than 20 years. Typical applications include street lighting and lighting in hard- to-maintain locations.

Compact Fluorescent Lamps There are two major types of compact fluorescent lamps: those with screw Bases, designed to directly replace incandescent lamps in incandescent lamp Sockets, and those with plug-in bases designed to fit into sockets in luminaires Designed specifically for compact fluorescent lamps. Because compact fluorescent lamps, like all fluorescent lamps, require ballast, lamps with screw bases are larger and costlier than those for dedicated Compact fluorescent luminaries.

As a result, it is generally best to employ dedicated compact fluorescent luminaries in new designs. Screw-based compact fluorescent lamps should be used to convert incandescent type luminaries. They are most often used for street and parking lot lighting and for large indoor spaces like gymnasiums and industrial work floors. Most HID lamps approximate a point source of light, making them excellent sources for spot lighting equipment such as track lights, display lights, and even stadium lights.

HID lamps are generally energy efficient, producing 50 to lumens per watt. As in fluorescent lamps, a ballast regulates the amount of power flowing into HID lamps. Magnetic ballasts are generally used for most HID lamps, although electronic ballasts are becoming increasingly popular. Ballasts can be bulky, heavy, and noisy, but some types can be mounted remotely from the luminaire. HID lamps can get quite hot and generally should be protected from direct touch.

In addition, some metal halide lamps must be totally enclosed due to a small possibility of lamp explosion. HID lamps start and operate over a relatively wide temperature range, and they are well suited to both indoor and outdoor applications. HID lamps require time to warm up; they get progressively brighter over several minutes until reaching full light output. If power to an operating HID lamp is interrupted, the lamp must cool before the ignition circuit can restart it.

The cool-off period is called the re strike time. Some HID lamps must cool More than 10 minutes after being extinguished before they can re strike and Warm back up.

Lighting System In Interior Design for Modern administration buildings Metal halide lamps produce white light of a good color quality and are available in many sizes, from compact lamps that can be used in track lighting and table lamps to huge lamps for lighting stadiums. Standard metal halide lamps tend to have a color temperature of to K and appear cool and slightly greenish.

Their CRI is 65 to Standard metal halide lamps typically are used where color is not critical, such as sports arenas, parking lots, landscape lighting, and building floodlighting. The latest metal halide lamps are called ceramic metal halide lamps.

They exhibit superior color rendering 80 to 85 and a choice of warm K or cool K lamps. They can be used for interior lighting, such as down lighting, display lighting, and wall washing, as well as for exterior lighting. The hotter the filament, the whiter the light. The problem is that as the lamp filament gets hotter, the more rapid the evaporation of metal from the filament. A very dim lamp giving off yellow-orange light K may last a long time; a lamp giving off pure white K light will probably last for a few seconds only.

The evaporated filament material blackens the bulb wall. Standard incandescent lamps today use tungsten filaments that generate a warm- colored white light and last about to hours. Two special types of incandescent lamps—krypton-incandescent lamps and xenon-incandescent lamps—make lamps last a bit longer.

The color temperature of incandescent lamps is about K, generating a warm- toned light. Tungsten-halogen lamps also called TH or simply halogen lamps give off Whiter light and last longer than standard incandescent lamps. Lamp life for halogen lamps ranges from hours up to 10, hours. Some types of halogen lamps use a quart glass bulb and get extremely hot, requiring special protection for safety. The color temperature of halogen lamps is about K, making their light appear slightly whiter and cooler than incandescent.

Low-voltage incandescent and tungsten-halogen lamps are smaller than regular lamps, a trait that has numerous advantages for accenting and display.

Low voltage lighting is particularly popular for specialty lights and for display lighting in retail, museums, homes, and other applications. For instance, most popular do-it-yourself landscape lighting is low-voltage. Transformers are needed to change the primary power, usually volts, to the low voltage. However, their inefficiency and short life are critical drawbacks that must be resolved in the design.

Most Common Applications Standard incandescent lamps, such as A and R lamps, are still commonly used in residences, hotels and motels, and some retail environments where a residential- like quality is desired.

In these applications, the designer is trading the low energy efficiency and short life of the incandescent lamp for its warm color and low costs. Lighting System In Interior Design for Modern administration buildings Halogen PAR lamps are commonly used in residential downlighting and outdoor lighting, hotels and motels, and especially in retail display.

MR16 and PAR Parabolic Aluminized Reflector Lamp low-voltage lamps are commonly used in museums and galleries, residences, landscape lighting, and other applications where a modest amount of light and excellent beam control are called for. Other types of low-voltage lighting are used in residential and hospitality lighting for details and special effects like cove lights and illumination inside and under cabinets.

Sodium lamps tend to be yellowish in color. HPS lamps exhibit a golden-pinkish light that tends to create spaces with a distinctly brown or dirty quality. Low-pressure sodium emits monochromatic yellow light, creating stark scenes devoid of color altogether. Although HPS lamps offer very high lumens per watt, their color deficiencies limit use to lighting roads, parking lots, heavy industrial workspaces, warehousing, security lighting, and other applications where light color is not important.

LPS lamps are even higher in lumens per watt, but their color is so poor that their use is limited to security lighting. Mercury Vapor Lamps Mercury vapor lamps are an older type of lamp that remains in common use as street lights and security lights.

However, compared to other HID lamps, mercury vapor lamps have relatively poor color and low energy efficiency. They are almost never used in new construction. This is expected to change as technological growth in this source progresses. However, LED lamps can be used in specialty applications, including signs and display lighting. Systems employing red, green, and blue LED lamps can be used to create changing color washes. At present, the most common architectural application of LED lamps is in exit signs.

Automotive and sign lighting applications, including traffic signals, are multiplying rapidly. The temperature scale is a real temperature scale, measured in degrees Kelvin. The Kelvin temperature scale is the Celsius scale less degrees. Thus, room temperature is about 22C or K. The colors then corresponding to particular temperatures are shown in the curve within the CIE diagram below. The , , etc are in degrees Kelvin and are shown usually as K, K etc. This is the x, y value on the CIE Chromaticity chart.

The reference source s are color temperatures that fall on the black body curve. LED modules therefore radiate no heat in the direction of the illuminated object. This effect has been carefully studied in many published reports since The positive effects occur only in injured cells. There is no benefit to healthy cells. In the past, lasers were thought to be needed to provide the light, but it's been known since that LEDs are just as good.

The ideal wavelengths are between and and nm, with the best results at specific ranges: ,,,,, and nm LED light arrays are a means to provide these wavelengths. Companies may 27 licht. For example, nm is a bad choice. Bright noon-time summer Sun only has half as much light energy as LED devices in the optimum wavelengths, but it covers the entire body which is good for fibromyalgia. Halogen lights emit a spectrum of light that is very similar to sunlight Like bright sun, halogen provides an inexpensive source of "healing light energy" in the to nm wavelengths but the energy is not concentrated at the best wavelengths as in LEDs.

My interest in light therapy increased a great deal when a halogen treatment returned my black-and-blue broken small toe to almost a normal color in 5 minutes. Pain level went from 8 to 2. I repeated the treatment 6 hours later when the toe turned blue and painful again and received the same benefits. Fours years later my wife stubbed her little toe and received similar benefits from my 75 W PAR30 with water-filled snow globe. Heat lamps have long been used to reduce pain. It was believed the heat provided a benefit, but now we know the near-infrared portion of the spectrum of heat lamps provides more benefit than the heat of the far-infrared.

Lighting fixtures are luminaires that are permanently attached to a building. In other words, a table lamp is a luminaire but not a fixture. These include most types of recessed lighting, including down lights and troffers.

These include many styles of suspended luminaires, sconces, and some portable lamps. These include most types of bare lamps, globes, chandeliers, and some table and floor lamps.

These include many types of suspended luminaires as well assome table and floor lamps. Asymmetric uplights, for instance, are indirect luminaires with a stronger distribution in one direction, such as away from a wall. Wallwashers are a form of direct luminaire with stronger distribution to one side so as to illuminate a wall. These include track lights, floodlights, and accent lights. Here are reasons for choosing particular luminaires 1.

Direct luminaires tend to be more efficient by distributing light directly onto the task area. They generally create dark ceilings and upper walls that can be dramatic but also uncomfortable due to high contrast. Dramatic spaces can be tiring, though, so direct lighting is generally not recommended for workspaces. Indirect luminaires tend to create comfortable, low-contrast soft light that psychologically enlarges space.

Most types of indirect lighting illuminate the ceiling, but without additional direct light, many people experience totally indirect lighting as bland and feeling like a cloudy day. Indirect lighting is generally preferred for spaces in which people spend a lot of time working, although some task light or other directional light is generally recommended to eliminate the bland character.

Diffuse luminaires tend to create broad general light that often is considered glaring due to lack of side shielding. Most chandeliers and sconces are diffuse luminaires, and they are typically chosen for ornamental reasons or for utilitarian applications. When used carefu lly, as in a crystal chandelier, diffuse luminaires can create sparkle and interest, but other lighting must also be present.

The indirect component creates a comfortable, balancing light, while the direct component creates a dramatic In direct Luminaire Light, resulting in comfortable, interesting space.

Asymmetric luminaires are chosen when accent lighting of objects or surfaces is desired. For example, choose a wall washer to illuminate a wall, an accent light to illuminate a painting or sculpture. A type of direct luminaire, they are usually round and recessed in the ceiling. Their principal use is general illumination in a wide range of residential and commercial applications, especially in lobbies, halls, corridors, stores, and other finished spaces.

Down lights can be equipped with incandescent, halogen, low-voltage incandescent, compact fluorescent, or HID lamps. The can must be suitable for the application. IC cans are typically used in homes, especially in ceilings with attics above. A special type called an airtight IC can is required in Washington State for energy efficiency. Most cans are damp rated. Among the many choices are open baffles, open reflectors, wall washers, adjustable accents, and various lens trims.

Trim choice can dramatically affect the light quality generated by the down light. Troffers are the most common type of fluorescent luminaire. The lens serves to cut off light distribution to minimize glare.

The lens can also protect lamps from breaking in food preparation and service areas. Lenses can contain internal RFI shields for use in hospital operating rooms and laboratories. Lens troffers can be equipped with highly polished internal reflectors to obtain very high efficiency. Sharp cutoff is obtained, enabling some parabolics to be used in computer workspaces. Parabolic generally refers to a deep cell louver 6" or larger across and paracube to shallower smaller cells.

Larger cells are more efficient; smaller cells hide lamps better. Like other troffers, these are actually direct luminaires. Most troffers are recessed and are designed to be laid into acoustic tile ceilings, the fixture face matching the size of the tile.

Lighting System In Interior Design for Modern administration buildings The most common troffers sizes are 2' x 4', with 2' x 2' and 1' x 4' also readily available. Most troffers are designed to lay in to acoustic tile ceilings. They can be equipped with emergency battery packs to power some or all of the lamps during a power outage or emergency condition. They are used to illuminate architectural shapes and forms.

Wall Grazing Fixtures Wall grazing fixtures, sometimes called wall slots, are used to illuminate walls in lobbies, corridors, and core areas. They are especially well suited to textured and polished surfaces.

Accent Fixtures: Accent fixtures allow light to focus on art and building surfaces. Cove Lights Cove lights permit up lighting from coves or other architectural elements more efficiently than do strip lights, and without socket shadows.

Task Lights Task lights are specially designed to illuminate a desk area while minimizing veiling reflections. In addition to the buildings we classify as office buildings, most nonresidential buildings have a significant office area or function. Because office environments have become so pervasive, typical lighting design solutions in these settings have become simplistic and formulaic in nature. The prevalence of the speculative, multi-tenant office building has been a major factor in the growing reliance on generic solutions because they must accommodate ever-changing tenants.

Most of the design elements of these buildings, including their lighting systems, are geared to serving a great variety of tenants as well as those that regularly move from office space to office space. Hence the almost universal use of lay-in acoustic tile ceilings, which permit the easy relocation of 2' X 2' and 2' X 4' recessed fluorescent troffers and access to ceiling plenum spaces for installing and servicing mechanical and electrical equipment.

Rarely is this the best lighting design solution for even the most undemanding office design. In most work environments, productivity and efficiency are high-priority goals, and lighting design solutions are expected to support them. More specifically, visual tasks should be easy and comfortable to perform; fortunately, the growing trend is to increase employee satisfaction in most workplaces, and lighting should contribute to a visually and psychologically satisfying environment.

The use of formula lighting solutions provides less than positive results in most work spaces in terms of both user productivity and user satisfaction. Nonstandard and creative solutions can be economically applied in many office settings. The practicalities of the speculative or multi-tenant office building do place stringent limitations on the approaches to lighting design that can be successfully employed. For office spaces designed for more permanent occupancy, such as company- owned business buildings and institutional facilities, the approach to lighting can and should be different.

While access to plenum space remains essential, the other elements that affect lighting design decisions can be addressed with greater flexibility. Appropriate and accessible ceiling systems other than lay-in acoustic tile ceilings do exist. Drywall soffits can be employed more freely. Although sconces and other wall-mounted luminaires are used in multi-tenant buildings, they and other fixed and customized lighting solutions are more practical in owner-occupied buildings.

The relationship between the ceiling system and the lighting system is always critical. In the great majority of office settings, mechanical and electrical equipment and distribution lines are not exposed, primarily because the finished appearance of a suspended ceiling is desired.

Typically, office space ceiling heights range from 8' 6" to 9' 0". Typically, in high-rise office buildings, they are about 2' 6" from finished ceiling to the underside of the floor above. It is convenient to have a roomy plenum that does not restrict luminaire type or placement, but the tendency is to keep the plenum at a minimum in order to keep the building volume and therefore cost as small as possible. While small areas in an office suite can use a drywall or other nonaccessible ceiling, access to mechanical and electrical services is of great importance.

Although general schematic lighting design solutions can be conceptualized before the ceiling system is selected, no concrete lighting design decisions can be made until that selection is made.

That architectural decision is best made collaboratively with the lighting designer. Even the specific positioning of the ceiling system as it relates to fixed walls and building core elements is best made collaboratively. Lighting System In Interior Design for Modern administration buildings More specifically, the final positioning of luminaires cannot be assigned until the final ceiling system details are determined.

In the majority of office settings, 2' X 2' and 2' X 4' grid systems are used. The grid itself can range from the common, low-cost T to visually more discreet but also more costly fine-line grids. Myriad tile patterns, textures, and colors are available, as are 1' X 1' tiles that employ a hidden spline installation system that offers an almost tile less appearance. Further, achieving the original tile less appearance is difficult once it has been disturbed. Variations to the basic lay-in acoustic tile ceiling are limited, but several are viable, even when budget constraints are important.

Snap-on aluminum slat systems come in a great variety of colors and finishes. Vertically positioned acoustic baffles present another option, again available in a variety of materials and colors. Suspended or floating panel solutions have been employed, especially in settings requiring a dramatic effect. Translucent or luminous ceilings, employing both plastic and textile surface materials, have been quite successful in many situations requiring diffuse ambient light.

While nonstandard ceiling systems may not always be appropriate, they should be given design consideration whenever possible. Of course, some office spaces, such as lobbies and break rooms, do not require task lighting.

The obvious starting point in solving these problems is with the visual tasks related to the desk, which sometimes means an open or freestanding desk but more often these days means a low- partitioned workstation.

Each of these situations presents different lighting design problems. The private office presents additional visual tasks and conditions beyond those at the desk. Reception areas typically require one lighting condition for the receptionist and another for waiting visitors.

The primary visual task in a conference room is at the conference table surface, but other activities often occur in conference rooms that require additional lighting solutions. Typically, the reception room is a place for visitors to be greeted and acknowledged, or perhaps to wait to be seen and served.

As is the case in all entrances, it is also a Symbolic place that creates the first impression of a given environment one that conveys a professional, corporate, or institutional image and sets the stage for the remainder of the interior space.

Reception rooms range tremendously in size from a few seats and a glass vision panel through which visitors speak to a greeter who works in an adjacent space to awaiting area with dozens of seats and an open reception desk with one or more greeters. In general, major entrances, including lobbies and reception areas, present an important opportunity to use lighting to express image and similar ideas. A few basic visual tasks are served in most reception rooms.

Some concentration of light should focus on the reception station in order to visually guide first visitors to it. Ambient light is needed for general navigation throughout the space at a level appropriate for personal conversation and the casual reading of a book or magazine. The floor plan in the figure at right indicates a modest-sized reception room, one that might be appropriate to a small or medium-sized law or other professional firm or that could be the entrance to a department within a large corporate or institutional office.

The workstation configuration indicates that this receptionist requires task light for concentrated paperwork, filing, retrieval of paperwork, and other typical desk-related functions, including work at a desktop computer. If thoughtfully selected, that task light can also serve as the concentration of light needed to direct visitors to the receptionist when they enter the room. The seating area requires a modest level of ambient light to serve the typical casual visual tasks of a waiting room—primarily personal conversation and short-term magazine reading.

The logo on the west wall requires focal light. While framed art or graphic work might be placed on other wall surfaces, it is assumed here that it does not require focal illumination. Lighting System In Interior Design for Modern administration buildings The lighting solution shown in the following figure addresses the visual tasks in the following manner: 1.

This heavy concentration of light on the workstation also Serves to direct visitors to the receptionist when they enter the room. The ambient light component is resolved with four recessed downlights in The central area of the room and three table lamps that are directly related to the waiting area seating. The table lamps, because of their scale and placement at eye level as well as their association with residential lighting, provide a personal and welcoming touch to the room.

The wallwashers focused on the west wall and the table lamp seen through the entrance door sidelight contribute to the ambient light in the entrance area.

The focal light required to highlight the company logo is handled simply with two recessed wallwashers placed about 3' from the west wall and focused on the logo area. Lighting System In Interior Design for Modern administration buildings Note that the ceiling grid does not start with a full 2' tile in any corner of the room.

The grid, while symmetrically placed in the room, is manipulated to allow the best placement of the recessed luminaires. Because the reception room is critical in setting the tone of the overall interior environment, the optimum level of illumination should be determined when the room is first put into use and not adjusted day to day.

For this reason, a single switch is used to control all luminaires, architectural and portable. Lighting System In Interior Design for Modern administration buildings The reception area with Down light40 In situations of this kind, switching may be best operated on a time clock with a manual override because personal control is not necessary and may even be detrimental. This case study addresses the issues of the modest size office designed for its primary occupant and a maximum of two or three visitors.

It is a place for concentrated desk work and conversation. The lighting requirements of the private office shown in the figure below are typical of most rooms of this type. The freestanding desk is the primary focus of task light, with the north wall credenza, serving as a secondary work surface, requiring adequate task light. Some private offices have graphic material on their walls a tack board, work-related material, or fine artwork that requires focal light.

With so many visual tasks to be served, it is assumed that additional light sources will not be required for ambient light in this relatively small room. The lighting shown in the figure below addresses the visual tasks in the following manner: 1. Task light for the freestanding desk is accomplished with two 1' X 4' recessed fluorescent luminaires that provide relatively shadow less light and avoid disturbing veiling reflections.

This type and placement of luminaires has for many years been a widely accepted approach to lighting a single desk in a room. There are other workable solutions for lighting a freestanding desk, two of which are shown in Illus.

Alternate scheme a indicates two 1' X 4' pendant fluorescent up lights that provide a wash of task-level light on the desk. The secondary task light on the credenza top is produced by two 4' under cabinet fluorescent luminaires. Because these luminaires are so close to the work surface, a modest lamp output provides a more than adequate level of illumination. This under cabinet source serves two additional purposes.

First, it helps illuminate the contents of the lateral file drawers, which are also lighted by the two recessed 1' X 4's. Second, it provides eye-level glow behind the desk user in a room that is otherwise lighted only from the ceiling. Focal light for anticipated graphic material or artwork on the south and west walls is achieved with two wallwashers focused on each wall. Reflected light from the wallwashers also adds desirable ambient light to those two edges of the room, which might otherwise feel a little under lighted in contrast to the concentration of light in the two work areas.

Dimming is not required. Note that the under cabinet luminaires are switched from the wall directly below the wall cabinets. Luminaire and lamp selections should be based on the following considerations: Recessed 1' X 4's: direct light focused on desk, small-cell parabolic louver lens, two 48'' lamps per luminaire Alternate scheme a: The two recessed 1' X 4' fluorescents are replaced with two indirect pendant 1' X 4' fluorescents suspended at 7' 0" AFF and containing two 48" fluorescent lamps.

Alternate scheme b: The two recessed 1' X 4' fluorescents are replaced by a single 1' X 4' fluorescent, as in alternate scheme a, and a swing-arm desk luminaire lamped with a compact fluorescent. Under cabinet fluorescent: direct light focused on credenza top, light source concealed to avoid glare, one 4' lamp per luminaire. Wallwashers: recessed, spread of light adjusted to materials to be illuminated if known , compact fluorescent lamps 26 watts.

Luminaire design characteristics and style should be consistent with the architectural and interior design qualities of the room, including materials, color, furniture, and detailing.

In this case, the only significantly visible luminaires occur in the two alternate solutions. In alternate scheme a, the visible luminaires are the two pendant fluorescents over the freestanding desk area, and even they can and probably should be selected to be anonymous and not draw visual attention.

In alternate scheme b, the visible luminaires are the single pendant fluorescent and the desk lamp; again, the pendant should probably not draw visual attention, but the desk lamp selection should be closely coordinated with all of the interior design color, finishes, and furniture selections.

First, its larger size accommodates more visitors or guests; second, it imparts an aura of prestige, status and importance to its occupant. Some executive offices are immense, often containing a large conversational area and a sizable conference table in addition to a large desk and credenza for its primary user and a few pull-up chairs at the desk.

For the purposes of this study, a more modest and typical executive office has been selected. The lighting requirements for the executive office shown in the following figures are typical of those required for most offices of this kind and size.

The one critical requirement for task light 1 is at the desk, where concentrative work occurs regularly. The credenza on the east wall provides a secondary work surface that also requires adequate task light 2. Ambient light 3 , for navigation and short-term reading, is required for the conversation area as well as the central space in the room. Focal light should be provided for the large open expanse of the south wall and for the tall bookshelves near the north end of the east wall.

While the west wall may have some graphic material, it is assumed that this will be of less importance than the work on the south wall because of the seating in front of it; it will be adequately lighted by the ambient light at that end of the room. Task light for the freestanding desk is provided by the swing-arm portable table lamp placed on the desktop.

Its simple and direct adjustability permits the user to place high-level illumination directly on the paperwork at hand. Luminaire and lamp selection can be highly individualized to the style and preferences of the user. Task light for the credenza work surface is provided by a typical under cabinet fluorescent luminaire that blankets the work surface with working- level illumination and creates desirable eye-level glow behind the primary desk.

The light source itself should be concealed from view. Ambient light is provided by two very different sources. The six downlights cover the central area of the room. Their illumination level should be adjustable to accommodate a variety of desired moods. In addition to the downlights, the table lamps on the end tables at either side of the three seat sofa provide an alternative kind of ambient light as well as eye-level glow for the west end of the room.

Switching is accomplished in a direct and straightforward manner. All of the Ceiling-recessed luminaires are switched at the entry door, with the downlights on dimmer control in order to adjust room ambience. Lighting System In Interior Design for Modern administration buildings Luminaire and lamp selections should be based on the following considerations: Desk lamp: maximum adjustability and ease of adjustability, high-level work illumination, lamp type and wattage best selected by individual user.

Under cabinet fluorescent: direct light focused on credenza top, light source concealed to avoid glare. Table lamps: base and shade scaled to room and furniture, translucent shade for eye-level glow, compact or circle-line fluorescents.

Wallwashers: recessed, spread of beam adjusted to materials to be illuminated if known , compact fluorescents. Luminaire design characteristics and style should be consistent with the architectural and interior design qualities of the room, including materials, finishes, color, furniture, and detailing. In other words, they are best selected with the furniture, with appropriate consultation from the lighting designer.

Often, luxurious executive offices are treated as personally as a living room, where the personal wishes of the occupant dominate every design decision. While some conference rooms can accommodate scores of people for large-scale presentations, more typically they contain a central table of a size that permits personal eye contact, conversation, and a limited amount of reading and note-taking.

A few basic visual tasks are performed in most conference rooms. The primary visual task is reading and writing at the conference table. Good lighting of the faces of those seated at the table is also important. Personal presentations that include graphic material such as diagrams and charts require focal light on those items.

While conference rooms require comfortable navigational ambient light, consideration should be given to adjusting it for video, PowerPoint, and other electronic presentations. A less critical consideration is providing comfortable task light for a surface from which beverages and food are served. Lighting System In Interior Design for Modern administration buildings The conference room shown in the following figures are typical of many modest-sized conference rooms, including their lighting requirements.

As indicated in the previous paragraph, the primary lighting requirement is to provide appropriate task light for reading and writing at the conference table. That light source should also provide appropriate illumination of the faces of those seated at the table. The presentation board at the north end of the room requires strong focal light when it is in use.

The credenza surface used for beverage and casual food service, requires modest task light. The perimeter of the room behind the chairs must receive sufficient ambient light. The lighting solution shown in the preceding figure addresses the visual tasks in the following manner: 1.

Conventional task light at the conference table is accomplished with two incandescent candelabras placed symmetrically on either side of the center line of the conference table, lamped to provide about 30 fc at the tabletop.

While many types of wallwashers can be used in a situation of this kind, MR luminaires have been selected in order to maximize coverage and precise focusing. Secondary task light for the credenza surface is provided by a pair of fluorescent sconces. Ambient light for the perimeter of the room is accomplished by the fluorescent Up lights, which not only provide adequate task light for the conference table but also create a more than adequate wash of soft light for the perimeter of the room.

Wallwashers: evenness of distribution, inconspicuous appearance Lamps shall have similar K and CRI values in order to present a unified non dramatic visual environment. Lighting System In Interior Design for Modern administration buildings Luminaire design characteristics and style should be consistent with the architectural and interior design qualities of the room, including materials, color, furniture, and detailing.

In this case, the only significantly visible luminaires are the pendant fluorescents. Depending on the overall design characteristics of the room, those pendants could be selected to be visually dominant or unobtrusive. As discussed in some depth in the introduction to this chapter, several factors must be considered and integrated in creating these lighting design solutions. Construction practicality and economy, including built-in flexibility, access to mechanical and electrical systems, and development and use of building standards.

In most cases, open office areas do not involve major visitor traffic, making public image of limited concern and allowing the lighting design solution to focus on user needs. The relatively small open office area shown in the following figure presents most of the typical lighting design considerations in work settings of this kind. Comfortable, low-level navigational lighting is needed throughout the space.

Ambient daylight is available along the western third of the space. Ambient lighting is accomplished primarily with five pendant strips of Up light fluorescents, which provide an even wash of low- to moderate-level light for most of the space. The five 4' lengths of these fluorescent luminaires closest to the window wall should be separately switched and controlled by an automatic timer shut-off in order to conserve energy when day lighting will provide adequate ambient light.

In addition, the focal lighting of the north, east, and south walls contributes to the ambient light for those edges of the room. The longer and more prominent east wall is illuminated with individual wallwashers placed 4', providing greater opportunity to adjust both the quality and level of lighting for graphics, artwork, and other visual material. All task lighting is controlled at its source by the employees at the workstations.

All other switching should be controlled at a nearby panel box because personal choice is not at issue. The wallwashers for the east wall should be controlled by dimmers in order to adjust the lighting level. As noted above, the fluorescent up lights closest to the window wall should be controlled by automatic timer shut-off. Luminaire and lamp selections should be based on the following considerations: Under cabinet fluorescents: direct light directed to the work surface, concealed source to avoid glare, adequate in length to illuminate the entire work surface, easy to reach switch; ideally detailed so the entire luminaire is concealed from view.

Swing-arm desk lamp: adjustable to provide good task light on work surface, translucent shade for eye-level glow and the illumination of both people engaged in conversation; can be portable or fixed to desk or panel surface. Pendant fluorescent up lights: maximum distribution and illumination of ceiling surface; note that ceiling height must be adequate for at least a 1'-6" suspension of the luminaire.

Fluorescent wallwashers: recessed, adjacent to the surface being illuminated, engineered for maximum wall washing effect. These repetitions will help carry your eye around the room.

Harmony is created when all the elements act together to create a unified message. Just as rhythm can create excitement, harmony creates a sense of restfulness. For instance, you can create harmony by using just one color, even though your forms vary greatly in shape, size, and texture. A room where everything gets equal importance will seem either scattered or boring. You need an anchor. Architectural spaces often have points of interest such as a fireplace or a window with a beautiful view.

You can choose to enhance the built-in focal point by arranging furniture around it to emphasize it. In a room that lacks such a built-in point of interest, you can create one through groupings of furniture or using an unusual or large piece. Proportion is the ratio between the size of one part to another, and scale is how the size of one object relates to another or to the space in which it is placed. For instance, a large overstuffed sectional in a small room will be out of scale.

Some proportional relationships are more pleasing than others. The ancient Greeks came up with the Golden Section, which sought to reduce all proportion to a simple formula: The ratio of the smaller section to the larger section should be the same as that of the larger section to the whole. This proportion is present in nature, and artists and architects have used it as well.

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