Biotechnology in medicine pdf
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Some part of this investment should be allocated to create a standard environment in accordance with the GMP Good Manufacturing Practice , facilities and installations in accordance with GMP standards, professional trained staff and create a system to maintain stable quality.
The first recombinant vaccine licensed to be used for humans was hepatitis B vaccine. This vaccine was obtained with colonization of hepatitis virus B HBsAg surface antigen gene and its expression in yeast cells. It is indicted that recombinant hepatitis B vaccines produce protective antibodies. This covers million carriers of hepatitis B worldwide.
One of vaccination strategies investigated for a number of diseases is using of plasmid DNA encoding the protein antigen. The vaccine is injected directly into the receptor muscle. They remove DNA muscle cells and represent antigen proteins encoded by them. This leads to two types of humoral immune and cellular responses. The most amazing point about this technique is that injected DNA is received into the host muscle cells and will represents with greater efficiency than tissue culture cells.
DNA vaccines of both humoral and cellular branches induce an immune response while stimulation of these two branches normally requires immunization with live attenuated organisms. This involves some risks. Finally, DNA vaccines lead to long-term antigen expression. Therefore, they create a good immune memory. Storage and use of plasmid DNA did not need to freeze.
This feature greatly reduces the costs and transportation problems G. They can operate against viruses and non-controllable proliferation of cells. Among the most important that is produced by biotechnology is interleukin 1. Interleukin 1 is produced by macrophages and plays an important role in increasing the body temperature.
The main function of IL-1 is to control inflammatory reactions and tissue damage caused by viruses and bacteria. It increases the natural immune response to disease , also stimulates bone marrow stem cells. Researchers found that it is able to neurons against factors such as amyloid- protein A , which cause damages to nerve cells A.
They are catalysts that specific form of metabolic reactions acceleration digestion and using biotechnology approach. Altepase Activated, TPA is among enzymes produced by this method. Miglucerase is another enzyme that is used to treat Gaucher disease.
Hormones are substances that are secreted by the cells and glands and cause activities of certain cells or organs that any deficiency in their production can create serious problems in living organisms. Among most important hormones are growth hormone, insulin and gonadtropins.
Today, many of them have been synthesized in the. The first and most common techniques currently used to produce monoclonal or homogene antibodies was introduced by Cesar Milstein and Georges kohler in The basis of this technique is based on the fact that antibodies production by each B lymphocytes has their own particular characteristics.
But normal B lymphocytes cannot grow and survive for a long time. Therefore, it is essential that antibody-producing B cells become immortal and eternal. For this purpose, somatic cell fusion or hybridization of an antibody-producing normal B cell and myeloma cell can be performed. Then merged cells with characteristics of secretory antibodies from normal B cells should be selected. This antibody producing immortal group of cells that are created from merged cells is called hybridomas while antibodies produced by these cells are called monoclonal antibody.
Hybridomas production requires cultured myeloma cloned cell that can be grown in a normal medium and not in a selective medium. Because in this selective medium, there is no efficient gene necessary for DNA synthesis. Integration of these groups of normal cells to myeloma defective cells called integration partners caused creation of required genes of normal cell.
Therefore, just somatic cell can only continue to grow in selective medium. Moreover, uncontrolled myeloma cell growth may give immortality characteristic to such hybrids.
Myeloma cell lines that can be used as a fusion partner are created defects in the synthesis of nucleotides 1 , Normal purine nucleotides and timidilat animal cells, both of which are precursors to DNA, are synthesized by tetrahydrofolate as Denovo path. Anti-folate medicines such as Aminopetrin prevent activation of Tetrahydrofolate and inhibit purine synthesis and DNA synthesis by Denovo.
Cells affected by Aminopetrin will use an emergency method salvage pathway where purine is synthesized by hypo xanthine added to the culture medium using Azanzym HGPRT Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase and timidilat is synthesized by thymidine using thymidine kinase TK. Therefore, these cells can grow normally in the presence of amino petrin if hypo xanthine and thymidine to be added to the culture medium HAT culture medium Hypoxanthine, amino petrin, thymidine.
Thereafter, the substrates of these enzymes may add to the environment. This can cause production of deadly products. Thus, the unfused myeloma cells get killed in the HAT medium, as both biosynthetic pathways are blocked.
Normal unfused B cells die in the HAT medium, as they are not immortalized and cannot grow for a long time. For production of monoclonal antibodies against certain antigens, first you need a mouse or a rat, immunized with the antigen. Then B cell is extracted from the animal spleen or lymph and fused with appropriate cell lines.
Myeloma cell lines are the best choices for fusion with B-cells because the similar cells have more tendency for fusion rather than different cells. Therefore, stable hybrids are created. Today, myeloma groups are used.
They do not have the ability of producing immunoglobulins and they use polyethylene glycol for fusion purposes Lewis R, Two monoclonal antibodies are used to treat cancer: Naked monoclonal antibodies are those without any drug or radioactive material attached to them.
Conjugated monoclonal antibodies are those joined to a chemotherapy drug, radioactive particle, or cancer cell killing agent. Pharmaceutical Technology ,Interpharm Press, Inc. Haemophilus influenza was among the first microorganisms that mapping and sequencing of its genes was identified. In fact, it is considered as the origin of the genomics emergence. The Human Genome Project aimed to determine human sequencing genome genetic genetic context started in and reached its peak in with the completion of the preliminary version The exact location of genes can be determined by scientists with the completion of the Human version.
Genome Project Project. They will acquire main key to human traits with detection of genotypes related to all aspects of human phenotype. Identification of these genes will enable scientists all defects of Human Genetics. They also detect and control the origin of all physical and mental states and behavior. Currently new genes for mental or physical disorders such such as Cardiovascular diseases diseases,, Schizophrenia , etc have identified. Developments in this path are continued.
Now just few steps are remained to the end of this stage of human history. All scientists are waiting for outcome of the project in very near future. One of the tools and branches of biotechnology that is developed recently is bioinformatics.
Proteomics Proteomics world is an endless world that we are already in the entrance aperture. Scientists extract information from the human genome and then think about its application in proteomics.
The next step even step even along with with after proteomics is design of biological medicines. It enables scientists to neutralize nuisance or incomplete proteins or causes production of essential medicines. Unlike genomics ,proteomics market is much larger and more decentralized. According to biochemist biochemist, proteomics is the study of more than one protein at one specific time.
Aebersold RH Gh The domain of science in proteomics is too extended. The most important parts of this domain include detection of proteins in the quantitative study of cells, cells tissues and biological fluids, fluids measuring changes in protein expression in diseased cells versus normal cells, cells description of post translational changes,,study post-translational study of the interaction of protein — protein, protein localization, localization detection of cell surface proteins detection of unknown genes using proteins and many other applications and aspects.
The main goals proteins, of proteomics research are description of the molecular mechanisms involved in cellular processes, processes protein complex networks properties and their disruptionsdisruptions, discovery of protein biomarkers for detection and identification of targets for diagnosis and treatment of pharmaceutical design. Genome is relatively stable without changing while proteomics is dynamic and changing Mike Tyers 2 Matthias Mann, Therefore, Therefore proteomics can be considered as a science came after "genome" because proteomics plays a significant role in the passage of genomics to clinically useful applications, applications, particularly in the areas of prevention and diagnosis of diseases.
In general, general one proteomics study has three main steps: Isolation and separation of proteins from one cell, tissue or organism organism, access to objective information about proteins and protein characterization and finally use of information data bases. Two-dimensional dimensional gel electrophoresis 2-DE , DE , mass spectrometry MS and bioinformatics technology are key components of proteomics 1,7.
In the proteomic performed based on 2-DE approach, the first phase the is to dissolve proteins obtained from samples. The success of Proteomics depends on the accuracy and quality of sample in this step. DE-2 is a powerful method for the rapid separation of one proteome from the protein content content. Proteins are separated by 2-ED ED with two separate featuresfeatures. Separation in the first dimension is by using IEF and in the second dimension is based on molecular mass or weight. Biotechnologists transferred genetic content of one somatic cell into one germ cell that its genetic content was removed.
This caused creation of entities very similar to dolly. This technology has very broad market in livestock proliferation of specific characteristics such high milk or appropriate meat.
However, this issue extends to human cloning and has raised many concerns in different countries. Create your free account to read unlimited documents.
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Top clipped slide. Download Now Download Download to read offline. Medical biotechnology Download Now Download Download to read offline. Parin Vyas Follow. Today, myeloma groups are used. They do not have the ability of producing immunoglobulins and they use polyethylene glycol for fusion purposes Lewis R, Two monoclonal antibodies are used to treat cancer: Naked monoclonal antibodies are those without any drug or radioactive material attached to them.
Conjugated monoclonal antibodies are those joined to a chemotherapy drug, radioactive particle, or cancer cell killing agent. Pharmaceutical Technology ,Interpharm Press, Inc. Haemophilus influenza was among the first microorganisms that mapping and sequencing of its genes was identified.
In fact, it is considered as the origin of the genomics emergence. The Human Genome Project aimed to determine human sequencing genome genetic genetic context started in and reached its peak in with the completion of the preliminary version The exact location of genes can be determined by scientists with the completion of the Human version.
Genome Project Project. They will acquire main key to human traits with detection of genotypes related to all aspects of human phenotype. Identification of these genes will enable scientists all defects of Human Genetics. They also detect and control the origin of all physical and mental states and behavior. Currently new genes for mental or physical disorders such such as Cardiovascular diseases diseases,, Schizophrenia , etc have identified.
Developments in this path are continued. Now just few steps are remained to the end of this stage of human history. All scientists are waiting for outcome of the project in very near future. One of the tools and branches of biotechnology that is developed recently is bioinformatics. Proteomics Proteomics world is an endless world that we are already in the entrance aperture. Scientists extract information from the human genome and then think about its application in proteomics.
The next step even step even along with with after proteomics is design of biological medicines. It enables scientists to neutralize nuisance or incomplete proteins or causes production of essential medicines. Unlike genomics ,proteomics market is much larger and more decentralized. According to biochemist biochemist, proteomics is the study of more than one protein at one specific time. Aebersold RH Gh The domain of science in proteomics is too extended.
The most important parts of this domain include detection of proteins in the quantitative study of cells, cells tissues and biological fluids, fluids measuring changes in protein expression in diseased cells versus normal cells, cells description of post translational changes,,study post-translational study of the interaction of protein — protein, protein localization, localization detection of cell surface proteins detection of unknown genes using proteins and many other applications and aspects.
The main goals proteins, of proteomics research are description of the molecular mechanisms involved in cellular processes, processes protein complex networks properties and their disruptionsdisruptions, discovery of protein biomarkers for detection and identification of targets for diagnosis and treatment of pharmaceutical design. Genome is relatively stable without changing while proteomics is dynamic and changing Mike Tyers 2 Matthias Mann, Therefore, Therefore proteomics can be considered as a science came after "genome" because proteomics plays a significant role in the passage of genomics to clinically useful applications, applications, particularly in the areas of prevention and diagnosis of diseases.
In general, general one proteomics study has three main steps: Isolation and separation of proteins from one cell, tissue or organism organism, access to objective information about proteins and protein characterization and finally use of information data bases. Two-dimensional dimensional gel electrophoresis 2-DE , DE , mass spectrometry MS and bioinformatics technology are key components of proteomics 1,7.
In the proteomic performed based on 2-DE approach, the first phase the is to dissolve proteins obtained from samples. The success of Proteomics depends on the accuracy and quality of sample in this step. DE-2 is a powerful method for the rapid separation of one proteome from the protein content content.
Proteins are separated by 2-ED ED with two separate featuresfeatures. Separation in the first dimension is by using IEF and in the second dimension is based on molecular mass or weight. Biotechnologists transferred genetic content of one somatic cell into one germ cell that its genetic content was removed.
This caused creation of entities very similar to dolly. This technology has very broad market in livestock proliferation of specific characteristics such high milk or appropriate meat. However, this issue extends to human cloning and has raised many concerns in different countries. Producing organisms or organs of the human embryo root cells is related to this topic and involves its own pros and cons. Biologicalchips Bio-chips such as DNAChips are among new and deceptive applications of biotechnology.
In one of these applications, scientists could use DNA strands to produce chips in which information processing speed compared with their very small size is more than conventional chips.
DNA Chips Biotechnologist in this technology establish 20 to 80 nucleotide DNA fragments with different sequences with a fine arrangement of points less than microns on a suitable substrate Less than microns such as nitrocellulose or some metals and plastics. Next, unknown DNA samples with the fixed points are put together to make hybridization reaction conditions.
Unknown DNA sequence can be found if hybridization reactions occur between known and unknown sequences of each Oligonucleotides. Therefore, this technique is also used to determine protein expression. Then these fixed points are subjected to unknown DNA samples.
Both methods applications in diagnostics, Pharmacogenomics and Toxicogenomics are too similar Introduction to Biotechnology. Human Genome Project Information , ;A. Johnson Judith, Development of biotechnology and genetic engineering led to the development of other sciences such as medicine, microbiology, agriculture and livestock.
Today, production of DNA vaccines and recombinant vaccines are important steps towards the prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases. In cases where there is a genetic defect in the production of hormones or enzymes, new bio-pharmaceutical methods are very clear and promising. Future of biotechnology and pharmaceutical will be very promising. One can hope that many diseases and genetic defects will be treated.
Human Genome Project Information. Retrieved 25 October Bateson W. Cambridge University Press. The genome revolution in vaccine research. Issues Mol. Biol ;, 6 , Collier Joe. Dornase-alfa and orphan drugs, The Lancet : Vaccine ;, Drew J. Strategic trends in the drug discovery. Drug Discov Today,, 8 , Emtiazi G. Principle of genetic engireeing and molecular biology. Monoclonal antibodies and therapy of human cancers. Biotechnol;, Giovanni A. Molecular Recombinant DNA. Antibacterial vaccine design using genomics and proteomics.
Trends Biotechnol, , 19, Handman E. Leishmaniasis: Current Status of Vaccine Development. Human insulin produced by recombinant DNA technology:Safety and hypoglycemic potential in healthy men. Lancet;, Lewis R. Herceptin earns recognition in breast cancer arsenal. The Scientist;, Mahbodi F. Biotechnology bulletin, Mahbodi F. Vaccines, coming of age after years. FEMS Microbiol. Rev , , Maria M. Functional proteomics. Proteomics principles and challenges.
Pure Appl. Proteomics: the first decade and beyond, Nat Genet , ,33 Suppl