Fracture pdf

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A nondisplaced fracture may be difficult to identify without an x-ray. Therefore, anytime you suspect that a fracture may be present, treat the injury as though you knew the fracture existed. Some types of fractures are briefly described in the following paragraphs. A greenstick fracture is an incomplete fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the bone is bent. A comminuted fracture is one in which the bone is crushed or splintered into many pieces.

A transverse fracture is a straight crosswise fracture break is at a right angle to the axis of the bone. An oblique fracture is a diagonal or slanted fracture not at a right angle to the axis of the bone. A spiral fracture coils around the bone and is caused by twisting. Nielsen 5 Radiologic Evaluation 36 Ron C. Gaba and Margaret A. Court-Brown and C. Abraham 11 Fractures of the Forearm John A. Elstrom 15 Fractures and Dislocations of the Spine Gbolahan 0. Okubadejo, Brett A. Taylor, Lawrence G.

Pankovich and John A. Kanlic and Miguel A. Pankovich and Kenneth A. Detection and characterization of bone fracture is primarily achieved by imaging techniques such as X-ray, and CT scans which are expensive, technologically complex and beyond the reach of most of the world population. Objectives: We aim to explore the various existing alternatives to X-Ray and CT based diagnostics imaging for fracture detection and characterization.

We will try to identify a low cost and accessible method that can be used. However, in order to do this, it is essential to review all alternative methods and compare the cost and accuracy of each. All types of publications were included with no limits regarding the date of publication. We augmented our databases by searching the reference lists of identified related reviews.

Conclusion: Acoustic scanning, a non-imaging technique in which, similar to non-destructive techniques employed in the detection of defects and flaws in metal and composite materials, ultrasonic waves are transmitted through the human bone and analyzed after going through the bone, offers accuracy comparable to an ultrasound imaging at very little cost.

The traditional method does depend on the expertise of a physician for correct diagnosis. However, this shortcoming is now easily negated. Integrating electronic circuitry, software and acoustic scanning can provide an alternative that is reasonably accurate at very low cost. It is also very simple to use and it is possible to train field workers to use the same. Such a product can make significant differences in the world, and provide millions of people with affordable fracture detection technology.

Introduction One approach to solving this gap in diagnostic imaging is to develop low cost imaging alternatives such as cheaper Bone fracture is a common medical condition that brings X-Ray machines. This option is being explored by about discontinuity in the skeletal structure. However, given that radiology bone cancer. Whatever the type of fracture or its cause, technicians are not readily available in most parts of the treatment of bone fractures usually involves immobilizing world, this approach alone will not solve the diagnostics the part involved and at times, surgical interventions.

A crisis. It is equally important to develop other cheaper reliable diagnosis of bone fracture depends on various diagnostics alternatives to X-rays. Simple diagnostic imaging techniques. Detection and characterization of equipment that is capable of detecting and characterizing a bone fracture is primarily achieved by imaging techniques fracture has the potential to make fracture treatment such as X-ray and CT scans. These imaging techniques, accessible to the majority of the world population.

Such an though reliable, often increase the cost treatment. While option is also important in the developed world, given the this may not be an issue in developed countries with adverse effects of ionized radiation. In that light, this paper affordable medical care, these costs are often beyond the explores the various existing alternatives to X-Ray reach of people in the developing world. The world health diagnostics imaging for fracture detection and organization reports that as of , nearly two third of the characterization.

Various options found in literature will be world population had no access to medical diagnostic reviewed and their characteristics will be discussed in imaging. In fact, trauma and broken bones are a leading detail. The objective here is to identify a low cost and cause of death in many developing countries Zirkle Fracture from fall is the leading cause of disease burden However, in order to identify that method, it is essential to among children in most developing countries of Toronto review all alternative methods and compare the cost and However, at present, a fracture could entail lifelong 2.

Method disability and dependence in most of these countries. Affordable fracture detection methods could play a key Electronic searches were undertaken to identify both role in making fracture treatment more accessible to established and unestablished technologies used for bone people with low income. With rapid motorization and poor fracture detection. The search was conducted for the period road conditions along with an aging population, the to , considering studies that documented number of fractures to be treated is predicted to increase specificity and sensitivity values of each technology.

The Amin, Volume 6 Issue 4, April www. It is also painful as pressure needs to be applied over the injured body part. The results obtained were tabulated as shown in table1 Therefore, while ultrasound can be used for primary below. It is not cheaper than an X-ray, and it is less Acoustic Scanning due to their potential as low and simple accurate.

Such an alternative does not make medical or methods. Their scientific principles have varying cost and economic sense. A physician can use to study the state scan. A bone scintigraph is obtained by introducing a of a patient during examination, and there is no delay in radioactive dye into the patient and then tracking the processing the image.

In addition, its portability and gamma radiation emitted by the dye as it decays. The relatively low cost has made it a very popular diagnostic major advantage of this method is its accuracy. However, the sonography which utilizes a contrast medium and equipment needed for scintigraphy is more expensive that elastography which utilizes the variation in elasticity of an X-ray.

A single bone scan can cost a patient around soft tissue. It is also more complicated to use, and needs a world health organization as such: "Diagnostic ultrasound trained radiologist.

In addition, as it involves a radioactive is recognized as a safe, effective, and highly flexible dye, it is not suitable for children, or pregnant women.

The next cost-effective fashion WHO Report Before method explored was thermography which basically reads understanding how ultrasound can be used for fracture the thermal signature of the patient.