Describes the hardware software and networks used in ec

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Source: Internet of Things World Forum. But no matter the use case and number of layers, the key building blocks of any IoT structure are always the same, namely:.

These elements make up the backbone of any IoT system upon which effective, multi-layered architecture can be developed. Most commonly, these layers are:. Often viewed as optional, these extra components none the less make an IoT project neatly fit modern business needs. They vary in form and size, from tiny silicon chips to large vehicles. By their functions, IoT things can be divided into the following large groups. Sensors such as probes, gauges, meters, and others.

They collect physical parameters like temperature or humidity, turn them into electrical signals, and send them to the IoT system. IoT sensors are typically small and consume little power. Actuators , translating electrical signals from the IoT system into physical actions. Actuators are used in motor controllers, lasers, robotic arms. Machines and devices connected to sensors and actuators or having them as integral parts.

The second level is in charge of all communications across devices, networks, and cloud services that make up the IoT infrastructure. The connectivity between the physical layer and the cloud is achieved in two ways:.

Two key models of connectivity between physical and cloud levels in IoT. Source: WSO2. The communications between devices and cloud services or gateways involve different networking technologies. Ethernet connects stationary or fixed IoT devices like security and video cameras, permanently installed industrial equipment, and gaming consoles.

WiFi, the most popular technology of wireless networking, is a great fit for data-intensive IoT solutions that are easy to recharge and operate within a small area. A good example of use is smart home devices connected to the electrical grid. NFC Near Field Communication enables simple and safe data sharing between two devices over a distance of 4 inches 10 cm or less.

Bluetooth is widely used by wearables for short-range communications. Sending data periodically in small portions, the technology meets the requirements of smart cities, smart buildings, and smart agriculture field monitoring. ZigBee is a low-power wireless network for carrying small data packages over short distances. The outstanding thing about ZigBee is that it can handle up to 65, nodes. Created specifically for home automation, it also works for low-power devices in industrial, scientific, and medical sites.

Cellular networks offer reliable data transfer and nearly global coverage. There are two cellular standards developed specifically for IoT things. Once parts of the IoT solution are networked, they still need messaging protocols to share data across devices and with the cloud.

The most popular protocols used in the IoT ecosystems are:. This level is essential for enabling IoT systems to meet the speed, security, and scale requirements of the 5th generation mobile network or 5G. The new wireless standard promises faster speeds , lower latency, and the ability to handle many more connected devices, than the current 4G standard.

The idea behind edge or fog computing is to process and store information as early and as close to its sources as possible. This approach allows for analyzing and transforming high volumes of real-time data locally, at the edge of the networks. Thus, you save the time and other resources that otherwise would be needed to send all data to cloud services. The result is reduced system latency that leads to real-time responses and enhanced performance.

The scheme of communications between IoT devices, edge nodes, and cloud data centers. Source: DesignNews. Edge computing occurs on gateways, local servers, or other edge nodes scattered across the network. At this level, data can be:. To sum up, the first three layers see data in motion, as it is constantly moving and altering. Only on hitting the next level, is data finally at rest and available for use by consumer applications.

The processing layer accumulates, stores, and processes data that comes from the previous layer. All these tasks are commonly handled via IoT platforms and include two major stages.

The real-time data is captured via an API and put at rest to meet the requirements of non-real-time applications. The data accumulation component stage works as a transit hub between event-based data generation and query-based data consumption.

Among other things, the stage defines whether data is relevant to the business requirements and where it should be placed. It saves data to a wide range of storage solutions, from data lakes capable of holding unstructured data like images and video streams to event stores and telemetry databases. The total goal is to sort out a large amount of diverse data and store it in the most efficient way. Here, data preparation is finalized so that consumer applications can use it to generate insights.

This preface describes the objectives and organization of this document and explains how to find additional information on related products and services.

This chapter contains the following sections:. The Document Revision History table below records technical changes to this document. This is the first version of this document. Provides supporting information about addressing and networks. Preparing for Installation. Describes safety considerations, tools required, and hardware and software requirements.

Removing and Installing Port Adapters. Provides instructions for installing a port adapter in the supported platform and for connecting cables. Configuring the T3 Mode. Configuring the E3 Mode. Your router or switch and the Cisco IOS software running on it contain extensive features and functionality, which are documented in the following resources:. For configuration information and support, refer to the modular configuration and modular command reference publications in the Cisco IOS software configuration documentation set that corresponds to the software release installed on your Cisco hardware.

For hardware installation and maintenance information and software configuration information, refer to the following publications:.