Hydro plants install

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This types of power plant work independently and supply the power to the whole load. This plant takes the load on the base portion of the load curve. The load on the plant remains more or less uniform during the operation period. It works for the whole time i. Baseload plants are generally large in capacity. The run-off-river and storage type plants are used as baseload plants.

The load factor for such plants is considerably high. The peak load plants are designed for taking care of peak loads of the demand curve. Run-off river plant with pondage and pumped storage plants are generally used as peak load plants. These plants supply the power to the load premises when there is a peak load period only. Rest of the time the power is supplied by the main plant. In this type of plants, the main power plant is always required and hydro power plant works as secondary plant and shares the load of two to three hours.

In case of runoff river hydro plants with poundage, a large pound is essential and extensive seasonal storage is usually provided. These power plants have large seasonal storage and relatively high heads and are likely to be located on small watersheds.

They store the water during off-peak period and supply during peak periods on the top of the load curve. The load factor of peak load plants is considerably low compared with baseload plants. A runoff river plant without pondage as shown in the figure. This plant does not store the water and uses the water as it comes. There is no control on the flow of water so that during high floods or low loads water is wasted while during low run-off the plant capacity is considerably reduced.

Due to non-uniformity of supply and lack of assistance from a firm capacity the utility of these plants is much less than those of other types. The head-on which these plants work varies considerably.

During good flow conditions, these plants may cater to the baseload of the system, when flow reduces they may supply the peak demands.

Runoff river plant with pondage uses storage of water behind a dam at the plant and increases the stream capacity for a short period, say a week. Storage means a collection of water in upstream reservoirs and this increases the capacity of the stream over an extended period of several months. The storage plants may work suitably as baseload and peak load plants. This type of plant compared to without pondage, is more reliable. A storage-type plant is one with a reservoir of sufficiently large size to permit carry-over storage from the wet region to the dry region, and therefore water supply is substantially constant and more than the minimum natural flow of the water.

This plant can be used as baseload plant as well as peak load plant as water is available with control when required. A simple storage plant is shown in the figure.

It consists of a reservoir, a dam with penstock, powerhouse arrangements. The powerhouse is placed at the toe of the dam. The water is allowed to store in a reservoir from the river or lakes in sufficient quantity. The water flows from the dam through the penstock when cresh gate is opened to the powerhouse.

In powerhouse water with high pressure enters into the turbine to generate power. After doing the work water is allowed to flow to the tailrace. A Pelton wheel is the common prime mover used in such power plants. The pumped storage plants are used at the places where the quantity of water available for power generation is low. During the low load periods, this water is drawn back to the head reservoir applying the extra energy available. This water can be reused for generating power during peak load periods.

The pumping of water may be done seasonally or regular depending upon the conditions of the site and the nature of the load on the plant. The simple construction of the stored hydro-power plant is shown in the figure. It consists of headwater pond and dam, penstock connected power house with pumps and turbines and trail race pond with the dam.

The water from head water pond is supplied to the power house through the penstock, where turbines are rotated for power generation. From the turbine, the water is discharged into the tailrace pond. However, given the highly site-specific nature of hydropower it is not unusual to find projects costs outside this range. On the other hand, projects at remote sites, can be economic despite the additional costs due to lack of local infrastructure, given the costs of alternative generation or grid connection can be much higher.

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Power Generation. Hydropower turbines kill and injure some of the fish that pass through the turbine. The U. Many species of fish, such as salmon and shad, swim up rivers and streams from the sea to reproduce in their spawning grounds in the beds of rivers and streams. Dams can block their way. Different approaches to fixing this problem include the construction of fish ladders and elevators that help fish move around or over dams to the spawning grounds upstream.

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