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It is considered as an effective users. The hybrid scheme is the extended version of UWPA. The CRE has been used in literature to expand the division; however it inserts a time division mechanism based small-cell range virtually by adding a bias to the small-cell on the proposed ABSF with vicinity sectorizing DP-DAP. Many research studies have to mark the small-cell users as victim or nonvictim.

Time focused on intercell interference coordination in CRE; this division on shared SBSs only that allows allocating victim and is due to the fact that many macro-BS strong power harms normal users in different subframes are employed as the last the expanded region users that uses biases to connect to stage.

Maximal Utility based A. This study benchmarks against the above-referred met- calculated according to the following equation: rics in its time division section.

This framework assumes an ABS pattern period as large scale fading due to path loss and small scale fading due 10 ms subframe duration. The aim of the study is SINR to multipath propagation the small scale fading is modelled enhancement for small-cell users. Similar observations are taken from Figures Figure 9 highlights the improvement occurred in small-cell 9 a and 9 b.

The other baselines to compare against are UWPA 5. Macrousers Performance. As referred in Section 3. Figures 10 a , 10 b , and 10 c show the corresponding 0. It can be apart from slight diversion at higher rates. This intuitively cell users into victim and nonvictim users.

Therefore, to make leads to lower associated throughput. Increasing the power the comparison fair with UWPA results, this study considers bias has an effect as it allows more original macrousers measuring average throughput for victim and nonvictim to associate with SBSs which reduces the total number of users. Nonetheless average throughput is calculated by the macrousers in the macroregion; this in turn increases the following: scheduling times as can be observed from Table 5. Therefore, the victim users have a greater chance to cell users experience higher throughput since it proves be allocated resources.

Conclusions macro- and small-cell users. The main goal is to enhance the small-cell available from the corresponding author upon request.

Other enhancements are also observed The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Imad Al-Samman is the main author of this paper and Imad [13] S. All authors read and [14] J. Pang, J. Wang, D.

Wang, G. Shen, Q. Jiang, and J. This work is funded by Engineering and Physical Sciences [15] S. Lembo, P. Lunden, O. Tirkkonen, and K. References [16] H. Zeng, Y. Shi, Y. Hou, W. Lou, S. Kompella, and S. Lini, J. Huang, R. Duan, C. Cui, and J. China Mobile utra and e-utran physical-layer aspects, 3GPP, Research Institute,.

Novlan, J. Andrews, I. Sohn, and R. Ganti, Comparison of [3] M. Peng, Y. Li, J. Jiang, J. Li, and C. Perez, A. Juttner, H. Rivano, and J. Zhang, Dynamic Magazine, vol. Gerasimenko, D. Moltchanov, R.

Florea et al. Guvenc, M. Jeong, F. Watanabe, and H. Li, Z. Zhao, and C. Wang, System Architecture ters, vol. Bai, J. Zhou, and L. Matinmikko, H. Okkonen, M. Palola, S. Ahokan- [22] I. Al-Samman, R. Almesaeed, A. Doufexi, M. Beach, and A. Learned, S. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience.

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Translate PDF. Investigations on the overall 5G radio access network RAN architecture that can efficiently support the stated diversity of services and related requirements are still ongoing. The paper is structured as follows. Section 3 describes the envisioned 5G air interface AI landscape and latest considerations on how different air interface variants AIVs may be integrated into one overall 5G air interface.

Section 4 captures overall system architecture considerations, such as the logical split between core network CN and RAN and related interfaces, while Section 5 ventures into key functional design aspects for the 5G RAN.

Finally, conclusions are presented in Section 6. Key 5G RAN Design Requirements Due to the diverse and extreme requirements of the mentioned main 5G service types, it is clear that the 5G RAN must be designed to operate in a wide range of spectrum bands with diverse characteristics, such as channel bandwidths and propagation conditions [1].

It must further be able to scale to extremes in terms of throughput, number of devices, connections etc. The 5G RAN should further support more sophisticated mechanisms for traffic differentiation than legacy systems in order to fulfill diverse and more stringent Quality of Service QoS requirements, and it should facilitate the Network Slicing vision from NGMN [2], enabling to operate multiple independent logical networks for different business cases on a shared physical infrastructure see also Section 4.

Different types of backhaul shall also be supported with graceful performance degradation associated to the backhaul quality in terms of delay and capicity. Last but not least, the 5G RAN must be highly energy efficient, e. This overall 5G AI is expected to operate on a wide range of spectrum bands, where frequencies below 6 GHz are likely most suitable to support, e. Three authorization schemes or mixtures thereof are expected to coexist for the spectrum used by 5G: Primary user mode, Licensed Shared Access LSA mode and Unlicensed mode.

An exclusive use of spectrum should remain the main and preferred solution, while a shared use of spectrum may be a complement to increase spectrum availability. Figure 1. Two protocol stack instances related to different AIVs e. For example, UE and network procedures such as initial access and mobility should ideally be as similar as possible for different bands like mmWave and cmWave, bearing in mind the existence of technologies tailored to each of these bands e.

In the PHY, the individual blocks of modulation, channel coding, waveform mapping etc. In practice, however, different properties of AIVs may require physically separate baseband processing chains, rendering full PHY harmonization challenging. Such aggregation means that on and above this layer there is only one single logical protocol stack instance, implying that the protocol stacks also have to be harmonized on and above this layer, and rendering the higher layers agnostic of the existence of multiple protocol stack instances or AIVs on the lower layers.

Clearly, the most suitable extent of harmonization, or the most suitable protocol stack layer of UP aggregation or CP integration depends on whether one is considering the integration of novel 5G AIVs, or the integration of legacy technology with novel 5G AIVs. In the former case, one can by design enable a larger extent of harmonization and tighter integration, while in the latter case this may not be easy to achieve due to legacy constraints that may pose limitations on novel 5G AIVs.

Please note that all aspects are still under research and subject to conclusion by the end of the project. Figure 2. Considered 5G network interfaces. A key enabler for this is the implementation of some radio functions as VNFs, as mentioned before in the CN context, allowing to flexibly shift these towards or away from the radio edge depending on the physical architecture and specific application requirements.

Further, these functions can typically cope with larger latency e.