Terra virus

However, HPIVs can also cause more severe illness, such as croup or pneumonia. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link. Section Navigation. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate. Pre-treatment with EOs obtained from illicium verum, Melaleuca alternifolia , Leptospermum scoparium , and Matricaria recutita was found to inhibit the infective ability of acyclovir-sensitive and -resistant HSV stains, indicating the immense antiviral potential of EOs Schnitzler et al.

Anti-IFV properties of liquid and vapour forms of EOs obtained from various plant species were studied using in vitro techniques. Vapours of EOs obtained from Citrus bergamia , Eucalyptus globulus , and their isolated compounds, i.

Vapour form of EOs was also found to be safe against monolayers of epithelial cells. The study concluded that EOs in vapour form could benefit people suffering from influenza Vimalanathan and Hudson Carvacrol and its isomer thymol obtained from oregano have been shown to inhibit viral host cell fusion via depletion of viral cholesterol from the HIV-1 envelope membranes, thus blocking the entry of the virus into the host system Mediouni et al.

Owing to the lipophilic nature of EOs, these have the potential to intercalate into the lipid double layer of the viral envelope. Subsequently, the fluidity of the membranes is changed and, at a higher concentration, the membranes are even ruptured Wink Major mechanisms through which EOs induce antiviral actions are, direct actions on free viruses, inhibition of steps involved in virus attachment, penetration, intracellular replication, and release from host cells and inhibition of vital viral enzymes Ma and Yao ; Schnitzler et al.

The current review provides precise and comprehensive information on the essential oils and their possible contribution in the prevention and treatment of COVID The study database encompassed articles of peer-reviewed journals, books, thesis, dissertations, various patents, and supplementary reports covering anti-SARC-CoV-2 properties of traditionally used essential oils.

Essential oils having scientifically established antiviral activities against SARC-CoV-2 in in vitro, docking models, or in clinical settings were selected for reporting. Essential oils having antiviral activities against other viruses and lacking any scientific evidence against SARC-CoV-2 were excluded. Enveloped viruses are known to respond sensitively to essential oils Schnitzler et al.

Essential oils obtained from eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus are traditionally used to treat various respiratory ailments including pharyngitis, bronchitis, and sinusitis. Eucalyptus oil and its active constituent, 1,8-cineole have been shown to exhibit muscle relaxant effects by decreasing smooth muscle contractions of airways induced by different agents Bastos et al.

Moreover, clinical studies have indicated that inhalation of cineole extracted from eucalyptus exerted anti-inflammatory by blocking cytokines release and analgesic effects; hence, it can be effectively used in COPD and asthmatic patients Juergens et al. Eucalyptus oil is reported to have in vitro antiviral activities against various strains of viruses including enveloped mumps viruses MV and herpes simplex viruses HSV-1 and HSV-2 Lau et al.

Brochot and colleagues also reported the antiviral activities of eucalyptus oil and its active constituent, i. Both essential oil and 1,8-cineole were proposed to inactivate free influenza A virus and disrupt the envelope structures of virus Brochot et al. Having established the antiviral activity of eucalyptus oil and eucalyptol against respiratory viruses, multiple researchers have attempted to explore the antiviral efficacy of eucalyptus oil and its active ingredients against SARC-CoV-2 using in vitro assays and molecular docking techniques.

Sharma and colleagues also predicted preprints the anti-proteinase efficacy of 1,8-cineole eucalyptol , another active constituent of eucalyptus oil, using molecular docking techniques. Data obtained showed that 1,8-cineole can bind with Mpro and thus can inhibit viral reproduction.

Among these two compounds, 1,8-cineole is more extensively studied for its pharmacological potentials against various respiratory ailments Juergens et al.

Juergens and colleagues conducted a double-blind clinical trial to check the efficacy of 1,8-cineole in steroid-dependent bronchial asthma patients. A recent review highlighted the favourable safety and efficacy profile of eucalyptol 1,8-cinoele in numerous multi-centre, double-blinded, and randomized clinical trials conducted in Germany in patients having acute and chronic respiratory conditions including rhinosinusitis, bronchitis, COPD, and asthma, respectively Juergens et al.

This hyper-inflammatory state is associated with increased levels of circulating cytokines, profound lymphopaenia, and substantial mononuclear cell infiltration in the lungs and other organs including heart, spleen, lymph nodes, and kidneys. The systemic cytokine profiles observed in patients showed increased production of cytokines such as IL-6, IL-7, and tumour necrosis factor TNF and many other pro-inflammatory cytokines Merad and Martin Various in vitro and ex vivo studies were conducted to study the effects of eucalyptus oils and eucalyptol treatments on monocytes and macrophage recruitment in response to lung inflammation and infections.

Data of these studies demonstrate marked immunomodulatory properties of both eucalyptus oil and its active ingredient, i. Both treatments reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from monocytes and macrophages, but their phagocytic properties were not halted Juergens et al. Eucalyptol is also known to have mucolytic and bronchodilatory properties Juergens et al.

Interestingly, eucalyptus oil has also been shown to have disinfection properties and inhibited the growth of viruses on various utensils and filter devices Usachev et al. Taken together, data from both preclinical and clinical trials point towards the promising therapeutic potential that resides in eucalyptus oil and its active constituent, i.

Therefore, further studies are urgently warranted in this regard. Garlic has been used as a medication to treat common cold, influenza, and other kinds of infections for centuries. Garlic oil was chemically analysed by the GC—MS method and 18 compounds were identified, out of which allyl disulphide ACE2 is involved in the viral invasion of host cells, while Mpro is involved in viral replication.

All the 17 compounds studied showed interactions with host protein ACE2 as well as with viral proteases, indicating that garlic oil has great potential to treat COVID patients Thuy et al.

Virus-induced oxidative stress plays a critical role in the viral life cycle as well as in the pathogenesis of viral diseases. This leads to the activation of host antioxidant pathways including nuclear factor erythroid 2prelated factor 2 Nrf2 Lee Nrf2 transcription factor is known to control the expression of various genes involved in antiviral actions McCord et al.

Thus, on the basis of these docking and in vitro studies, it is proposed that garlic essential oils and their isolated constituents, especially DAS, have potential to prevent the entry of virus into host cells as well as to activate molecular antioxidant pathways that decrease the secretions of culprit pro-inflammatory cytokines.

The best docking scores against RdRp were obtained for E , E -farnesol. These phytochemicals are present in variable quantities in essential oils obtained from different plants which can be used used to treat COVID but data from well-established preclinical and clinical studies is required.

S1 protein is known to be involved in the interaction with host ACE2 receptors. In silico study findings revealed that among the evaluated EOs, anethole, cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, geraniol, cinnamyl acetate, Lterpineol, thymol, and pulegone showed better potential to inhibit S1 subunit of S proteins.

Cinnamaldehyde was found to have more favourable binding properties as compared with other compounds Kulkarni et al. Data obtained showed that both compounds have low binding affinities with RdRps Elfiky Further in vitro and in vivo studies, however, are required to establish this. The protective effects of cinnamaldehyde in lipopolysaccharide LPS -induced acute lung injury ALI mice model were evaluated by Huang and colleagues.

Cinnamaldehyde also significantly inhibited neutrophils, macrophages, and total cell number in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. This data along with findings of the above in silico studies give a clue about the possible beneficial role of cinnamaldehyde in COVID, but detailed in vitro and in vivo studies are required to establish its efficacy.

Another in silico study conducted by Kumar and colleagues evaluated the binding potential of carvacrol against SARC-CoV-2 main protease Mpro and showed that it has the potential to inhibit Mpro and thus can halt viral replication Kumar et al.

Plant extracts rich in menthol have been used in traditional medicine in Asia for the treatment of respiratory ailments since centuries. Menthol has been reported to provide symptomatic relief from nasal congestion associated with rhinitis and the sensation of dyspnoea associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by its specific interaction with a cold-menthol-sensitive receptor CMR1 located on trigeminal nerve endings Eccles Menthol has also been shown to have gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties in rat models.

Treatment with menthol was found to significantly reduce the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, i. Besides, it has anti-inflammatory properties and has been shown to protect the lungs against lipopolysaccharide- LPS induced acute injury. An in vivo study conducted by Games and colleagues evaluated the effects of three compounds including carvacrol in an elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema mice model Games et al. The lung inflammation and emphysema were significantly less in the carvacrol-treated mice as compared with the disease control group.

Moreover, carvacrol has also been reported to have antiviral activities against HSV-1, acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1, human respiratory syncytial virus HRSV , and human rotavirus RV Kamalabadi et al. In summary, data of in silico and in vivo animal models give a clue about the potential role of e ugenol, menthol, and carvacrol in the treatment of COVID but further studies desinged to evaluate the anti-SARC-CoV-2 efficacies of these EOs are required.

The proposed anti-SARC-CoV-2 actions of essential oils and their complementary effects on the human respiratory tract. After the emergence of shreds of preliminary scientific evidences about anti-SARC-CoV-2 potentials of essential oils and their active components, various essential oils selling and extraction companies claimed about efficacy of their essential oils bearing products against COVID These claims were immediately noticed by the Food and Drug Administration FDA authority of USA and other authorities, and warning letters were issued to the companies selling essential oils with these claims.

A warning letter MARCS-CMS was issued to a company by the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, USA and was asked to withdraw the material about anti-corona efficacy of essential oils obtained from Eucalyptus species, cinnamon, clove, frankincense, ginger, grapefruit, lemongrass, rosemary, tea tree, and lavender.

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