Afs sand testing handbook

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The American Foundry Society AFS has long been committed to creating and maintaining procedures for mold and core testing. This updated version of the AFS Mold and Core Test Handbook is the direct result of dedicated foundry sand control testing and research that dates back to The test procedures contained in this handbook describe the latest accepted methods for testing foundry sands.

These tests and methodologies are the metalcasting industry standards for sand testing and evaluation. Used by foundries around the world, these protocols provide a strong benchmark for operating foundries to measure mold and core effectiveness. Electronic Document Download. Many of our products are available via Electronic Download. To access an electronic PDF document that has been purchased, the document will appear in Content.

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High permeability reduces gas pressure but can result in mechanical penetration and a rough surface finish. This test measures the amount of live clay present in a sample of molding sand. The test determines the amount of exchangeable ions present in the active clay by adsorption of the methylene blue dye.

Clay that still has ion exchange capability will contribute to green, dry and hot strength properties of the green sand.

The methylene blue clay value varies depending on the type of clay in the binder composite. In this test, the percentage of clay and other particles that settle at a rate of less than one in. Any particle that does not settle through 5 in. Only active clay gives bonding capacity to the green sand system.

The purpose of the sieve anaylsis test is to determine the particle size distribution and estimate the average sieve size of green sand using standard testing sieves. Calculating the grain fineness number gives an estimate of the average sieve size of a sand sample. The distribution of the green sand has a bearing on the physical properties that can be developed by the sand system. The distribution influences the amount of bond required and the surface finish of the castings.

The screen, or sieve, analysis should be run on the washed system sand and the dried system sand. A comparison of the dried sand screen analysis and the washed screen analysis shows how much agglomeration is taking place in the green sand system. Loss on ignition measures the weight change of a sample, consisting of weight losses and weight gains, when a sample is fired at 1,F C. This includes weight loss due to volatization of organics, removal of chemically bound water, dissocation of inorganic compounds with one or more components given off as a gas , and weight gain due to oxidation reactions.

Loss on ignition determines the total amount of combustible material in the green sand. The green sand sample is fired at 1,F until it reaches a constant weight. The quantity of gas forming materials in the green sand will affect casting results. A high LOI may produce gas defects such as pinholes, blows and scabbing. In steel castings, a high LOI could lead to carbon pickup on the casting surface. A low LOI can lead to poor casting peel and a rough casting surface finish.

This method is used to determine the amount of material in the system sand or additives that will volatize at a temperature of F C. Results from this and the LOI test are used hand in hand.

Low combustibles as determined by the LOI test and volatiles lead to lower cost and less moisture required but also can result in poor casting peel, poor finish and poor shakeout.

High combustibles and volatiles cause lower expansion but can result in pinholes, smoke, blows, brittle sand, higher cost and higher moisture requirements. Available bond indicates the moisture-absorbing materials in the sand system, including live, latent and dead clay and additives.

The value is derived by relating green compression to moisture using a prepared graph, slide rule or the calculation 0. The live clay actively bonds the sand, and the latent clay can be activated with further energy input. The dead clay does not add to green tensile or green splitting strength, but does absorb moisture. The working bond percent indicates the amount of clay that actually is producing bond strength in the sand mix. Working bond or effective clay is derived by relating green compression to compactability using a prepared graph, slide rule or the calculation Higher working bond indicates more efficient use of the clay.

Large variation indicates variation in the clay additions or in the effectiveness of the mulling. The higher percent mulling efficiency, the greater the clay utilization and the lower the clay content required.

The working bond value divided by the available bond value and multiplied by gives a percent mulling efficiency reading. Segregation in transport, loss or buildup of fines due to a lack of dust collection, bond quality, temperature and muller or mixer condition all may affect mulling efficiency. A publication of the American Foundry Society. Prior to performing this test, you must complete the following sand tests: AFS S: 2 in.

Diameter x 2 in. These tests are incorporated in this module. Module topics that will be covered: purpose of the test, basic test variables, and performing the test in a virtual environment. By the end of this module, you will be able to determine the permeability of a Standard AFS 2 in. Topics that will be covered: purpose of the test, basic variables that factor into the compactability test, and performing the test in a virtual environment.

By the end of this module, you will be able to determine the percentage decrease in the height of a loose mass of sand under the influence of compaction. Topics that will be covered: purpose of the tests, basic variables that factor into the tests, and performing the tests in a virtual environment. ASM Books Gateway. ASM Journals Gateway. Book Articles. Conference Papers. Data Sheets. Phase Diagrams. Ordering Information.

Sales Tax Exemptions. Best Sellers. EDFA eNews. FAS eNews. HTPro eNews. SlipLines eNews. TSS eNews. Upcoming Webinars. Industry News. Classified as: Casting Materials Characterization The American Foundry Society has long been committed to creating and maintaining procedures for mold and core testing. This updated version of the AFS Mold and Core Test Handbook is the direct result of dedicated foundry sand control testing and research that dates back to The test procedures contained in this handbook describe the latest accepted methods for testing foundry sands.

These tests and methodologies are the metalcasting industry standards for sand testing and evaluation. Used by foundries around the world, these protocols provide a strong benchmark for operating foundries to measure mold and core effectiveness. Electronic Document Download. Many of our products are available via Electronic Download. To access an electronic PDF document that has been purchased, the document will appear in Content.

You must be logged into the website in order to access your purchased content. You can also access your purchased document by searching for it and clicking on the "Download" button on the document's product detail page. This allows us to provide our members and customers with the most economical, reliable and trackable shipping available on the market. All orders of physical products Books, DVD sets, etc. ASM International does receive a discount from UPS because of the volume of shipping we do and this discount is passed along to you directly.