Manual for testing insecticides on rice

The natural enemies in T3 and T4 were lower than those in T1 and T2 due to the insecticide application. The high populations of natural enemies in T1 and T2 likely played a key role in maintaining the populations of pests. This result is consistent with an experiment in Jinhua, China over five years, which indicated that both predators and parasitoids significantly increased in density in ecologically engineered fields where pesticides were not applied compared with those in the control fields with pesticide applications Lu et al.

In this regard, the application of chemical insecticides is not recommended because they would result in the termination of abundant and well-distributed populations of natural enemies, resulting in resurgence of pest populations later in the season FAO ; Matsukawa et al. A study of the community ecology of irrigated tropical rice fields in Java, Indonesia, demonstrated that abundant and well-distributed populations of generalist predators could be found in most early-season tropical rice fields, and their populations were reduced with insecticide applications, leading to a resurgence of pest populations later in the season, which eventually required more insecticide applications Gallagher et al.

In general, the populations of insect pests in insecticide-treated sites were not significantly lower than those in untreated sites. This means that the natural enemies played an effective role in controlling the populations of insect pests. Ecological engineering projects in Vietnam and Thailand showed a reduction in yield losses by rice pests. In those countries, local communities successfully controlled pest populations to levels that do not result in major damage by maintaining the abundance of natural enemies, including parasitoids Gurr et al.

As a wide-ranging assemblage of predatory spiders, beetles, bugs, and wasps hunt insect pests throughout the growing season, both the diversity and complexity of species interactions contribute to the robustness of natural pest control Chen In most seasons, insect pest populations did not reach threshold levels despite the fact that no insecticides were used Heong After 14 years of research, pesticide use on the farm had decreased by a staggering Several studies had contributed evidence to show that in tropical rice fields, appropriate management of these diversity components together with the ability of plants to compensate for damage can confer stability, resulting in the control of pests to levels that do not justify the use of insecticides Ooi and Shepard ; Way and Heong Ironically however, most farmers are unaware of the role of these natural enemies, particularly of predators in rice fields that protect their crops, and they therefore incur expenses due to insecticide applications.

Farmer education was important to facilitate the understanding of the worth of conserving these natural enemies Chhay et al. Of equal importance, arthropod phytobiome studies by researchers are required to be conducted more widely and deeply for developing better pest management practices. Even during the dry season, the calendar-based application of chemical insecticides to control insect pests was not appropriate for rice production because an increase in yield as compared to insecticide-free plots was not achieved.

Insecticide applications could lead to not only an unnecessary financial burden on farmers and impacts on their health, but also lead to the destruction of rice ecosystems and the development of pest insecticide resistance, with all of these concerns being very serious within sustainable crop intensification paradigms. As we demonstrated in the arthropod phytobiome study, environmentally friendly IPM practices could provide an alternative to the use of chemical insecticides, thereby sustainably maintaining efficient ecosystem services.

To this end, the capacity and knowledge of farmers to examine the pest populations should be developed by regional experts, incorporating a long-term approach to sustainable crop production for smallholder farmers.

With indiscriminate use, insecticide application kills both pests and natural enemies concurrently and results in the resurgence of non-target insects, and the misuse and overuse of insecticides can harm farmers, consumers, and the environment. Particularly for farmers of smallholdings, the financial costs incurred by spraying insecticides can critically outweigh the benefits.

Ecosystems can be sustainably maintained only when farmers become aware that chemical pesticide application can result in more harm than good. One of the most difficult challenges ahead will be to convince policymakers, researchers, technicians, extension agents, and farmers of the efficacy and robustness of natural biological control, underpinned by the amazingly rich biodiversity present in Cambodian rice fields during the dry season that can control the pest populations, thus avoiding unnecessary insecticide application.

We are grateful to the staffs of the National IPM Program and three research stations in Cambodia who assisted in conducting field experiment and data collection.

We thank E. Cedicol, J. Ketelaar, D. Mole, and B. Hadi for critical reading and fruitful comments on the manuscript. Home Phytobiomes Journal Vol. Chhay Ngin Search for more papers by this author. Seng Suon Search for more papers by this author. Toshiharu Tanaka Search for more papers by this author. Akira Yamauchi Search for more papers by this author.

Kazuhito Kawakita Search for more papers by this author. Add to favorites Download Citations Track Citations. View article. Abstract Rice Oryza sativa is the staple crop of Cambodia. Biodiversity associated with an irrigated rice agro-ecosystem in Sri Lanka. Sustainable pest regulation in agricultural landscapes: A review on landscape composition, biodiversity and natural pest control. B Google Scholar Chen, Y.

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A full technical description of TIM v. User's guidance on running and parameterizing the model is provided in Appendix A. TerrPlant is a Tier 1 model providing screening-level estimates of exposure to terrestrial plants from single pesticide applications. T-HERPS is a simulation model that estimates exposure to terrestrial reptiles and amphibians from pesticide use.

OPP uses atmospheric models to predict the deposition patterns of pesticides released into the atmosphere. AGDISP TM was designed to optimize agricultural spraying operations and has detailed algorithms for characterizing the release, dispersion, and deposition over and downwind of the application area. This model can be used in estimating downwind deposition of spray drift from aerial and ground boom applications.

PERFUM is used to calculate distributional exposure to soil fumigants emitted from treated agricultural fields.

SOFEA system is used to calculate exposure to bystanders who are in proximity to fields treated with soil fumigants. Search EPA Archive.

FEMS is used to calculate exposure to bystanders who are in proximity to fields treated with soil fumigants. Matsumura M, Morimura SS, Otuka A et al Insecticide susceptibilities in populations of two rice planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera , immigrating into Japan in the period — J Pest Sci — J Pest Sci.

Snodgrass GL Glass-vial bioassay to estimate insecticide resistance in adult tarnished plant bugs Heteroptera: Miridae. World Health Organization Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vector mosquitoes.

WHO, Geneva. J Asia-Pacif Entomol — Homoptera, Delphacidae and yield loss of rice. Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Hu Wan.

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Reprints and Permissions. Mao, K. An insecticide resistance diagnostic kit for whitebacked planthopper Sogatella furcifera Horvath. J Pest Sci 94, — Download citation. Order dated Method of analysis of various parameters in Sago.

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