Participatory epidemiology manual pdf

This updated edition begins by offering an historical perspective on the development of veterinary medicine. It then addresses the full scope of epidemiology, with chapters covering causality, disease occurrence, determinants, disease patterns, disease ecology, and much more. It is also essential reading for epidemiology students at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels.

The disease slashes milk production and may lead sterility in bulls and fertility problems in females. It damages hides, and causes death due to secondary bacterial infections. Although traditionally limited to sub-Saharan Africa, LSD has slowly been invading new territories such as the Middle East and Turkey, and since , most of the Balkan countries, the Caucasus and the Russian Federation, where the disease continues to spread and the risk of an imminent incursion into other unaffected countries, is very high.

This manual aims to fill these gaps by providing veterinary professionals and paraprofessionals with the in formation they need to promptly diagnose and react to an outbreak of LSD.

Cattle farmers will also benefit from reading it. In , the veterinary programme was first implemented in Indonesia as a pilot programme in 12 districts.

However, As previously, the Central Asia programme was received it was rapidly expanded to cover districts, comprising with scepticism by the veterinarians in the countries the islands of Java and Bali, as well as two provinces of involved. However, through training and field experience, Sumatra, by May When the programme was veterinarians rapidly became enthusiastic supporters of the initiated, the extent of HPAI infection was not known.

In a second exercise, they were asked to divide the counters according to the impact the disease has on their livelihoods. The coloured shading indicates the prevalence scores out of that the farmers gave peste des petits ruminants PPR. This is an indication of how common the disease is, in relation to other diseases of small ruminants.

The vertical bar represents the score that PPR received in terms of its negative impact on the livelihoods of the farmers diagnosis of HPAI in Indonesia is based upon detecting priorities of livestock owners Participatory type A influenza rapid test.

The large number of outbreaks more customer oriented, in Pakistan and other countries detected by the PDS teams overwhelmed the response 16, Active HPAI events detected by governmental activities to mainstream, public-sector Indonesian PDS practitioners in January are shown surveillance and response programmes, a number of in Figure 4.

A total of HPAI events, confirmed by rapid challenges were encountered. Decision-makers, who were test, were found in 49 of districts during this not at first trained in participatory approaches, tended to one month. This led to the development of the first training workshops for decision-makers, to help these managers use PE and PDS information directly and appropriately.

Lessons learned To develop capacity for PDS an iterative training process A key lesson learned from all PE and PDS experiences is has been used to build on and refine concepts using a that decision-makers can rapidly gain a clear and accurate guided experiential learning process.

These events were detected in 49 of districts where interviews were conducted during the month to develop experience. After completion of their field format was created to try to capture more information in assignments, promising PE practitioners are invited to the database and facilitate national analysis.

However, the become trainers, and guided through the process of task of data entry proved overwhelming as the number of conducting their first training courses. In Pakistan, it was records reached into the tens of thousands. These were people into ordinary questionnaire surveys. The starting point in building a PE programme is to Subsequently, master trainers from the Pakistan establish the objectives, framework and resources required programme made key contributions to the Central Asia for the programme.

This requires assessing the national and Indonesia programmes. A new generation of master context and gaining agreement from decision-makers on trainers is now being developed in Indonesia. Thus, the first step As programmes expanded from involving a few expert is for a PE expert to carry out a rapid assessment of existing teams to developing dozens and, more recently, hundreds veterinary knowledge, the disease situation and existing of teams, methods of data recording needed to be national surveillance and research capacity.

This developed that preserved the participatory nature of the information is the basis for designing the overall programme but allowed for analysis at the national level. When this information is coded into a database levels of government. On the other hand, key information, The use of participatory methods requires considerable such as outbreak co-ordinates and test results, need to be problem-solving skills and the ability to be adaptable. It is recorded in a coherent, easily analysed system.

With PDS, not just knowledge; it is learned behaviour. For this reason, the best solution to date has been a simple record form experiential learning approaches, based on participation created for the Pakistani programme, which covers one and supervised field practice, are crucial and learning from side of a single page. In Indonesia, a much larger recording colleagues is part of the process. Training programmes should be in — information sharing.

The training of practitioners should be focused on active learning and personal discovery, and Many Veterinary Services assume that farmers should come involves in-depth field practice and refresher training. However, in developing countries, farmers continuing education for PDS practitioners. When often have to travel long distances to reach veterinary posts developing trainers, a practitioner should have a minimum and incur significant costs when reporting disease of one year of field experience before entering into a problems.

Not all practitioners will the incentives for visiting veterinary posts have declined. Even in cases where veterinary offices are near, there is little incentive to visit and passive surveillance As Veterinary Services become more and more alone does not work. The result is under-estimates of decentralised, attention needs to be paid to governance at disease prevalence, poor prioritisation when deciding all levels, from national and state level to district and policy and, sometimes, complete failure to detect the village level.

The level of government from which PDS presence of an important disease. Wholly passive practitioners are drawn depends on the structure of surveillance programmes are examples of animal-health- national Veterinary Services and the epidemiology market failure, and point to the need for integrated of targeted diseases. Local government should be involved, programmes that include active, passive and laboratory- to ensure that local needs and concerns do not suffer as based methods.

Where appropriate, both public and private veterinary practitioners should be part National Veterinary Services recognise the value of good of the PDS network. However, Participatory disease surveillance is a form of active this requires choices on funding priorities and a move surveillance that should be integrated into national away from static infrastructure and costly vehicles surveillance systems.

Data generated by PDS should be to dynamic, field-based networks of personnel who maintained as part of a single national database that is interact with farmers in their own environment.

In the PDS consistent with OIE standards and allows transparent and programmes in Pakistan, two to three teams covered each timely reporting of important diseases. All surveillance province and relied primarily on public transport. These systems should include objective monitoring and limited teams generated more surveillance data than the evaluation including real-time analysis of data quality to rest of the Veterinary Service. Participatory disease detect anomalies in the system Including this element surveillance is a proven and flexible approach to active of accountability in the system will allow national disease surveillance that has been adapted to a wide variety Veterinary Services to find problems early, as well as assure of settings.

In addition, PDS is highly sensitive, allowing the detection The future of hard-to-find disease foci. This level of sensitivity must be linked to a laboratory case definition which increases The Network for Participatory Epidemiology and Public the specificity of the overall case-finding methodology. The Health has been established to advance the science of PE clinical case definition is syndromic and identifies a subset through targeted research, capacity building, policy of diseases thus casting a broad net to capture suspect enhancement and practitioner education.

Co-ordinated by events for further investigation. The early detection of disease problems governmental organisations experienced in PE methods. Regionalisation will be — participatory ecosystem health analysis advanced by testing field programmes to ensure that regional needs are met, thus leading to effective active — participatory value chain approaches.

Ultimately, this will lead to co-operative Incorporating participatory approaches to epidemiology approaches for rapid disease response and better targeting into university curricula will have a long-term impact on of animal health policies, resulting in improved services to the veterinary profession. Debate, discussion and farmers and increased access to international markets. In Indonesia, veterinary PDS is being used to target participatory public health surveillance for HPAI to the most at-risk human populations — those whose poultry are Acknowledgements experiencing outbreaks of active disease.

The authors Advocacy for policies that recognise Veterinary Services as also thank Dr Dickens Chibeu for information on the integral to public health is needed.

Action orientation The focus of participatory epidemiology is on the generation of locally verified information that is used to determine agreed action. This does not mean that a particular study should immediately result in action Building on the established HealthMap system, which has shown the effectiveness of using news media sources for rapid detection of outbreak events, we introduced the concept of "participatory epidemiology.

Although often misunderstood by epidemiologists , PDS is now an accepted approach supported by the African Union Integrating risk assessment with participatory methodologiesand gender analysis isa promising solution. Jost, C. Mariner, P. The Lumpy skin disease LSD is a viral disease of cattle that has dramatic effects on rural livelihoods, which strongly dependent on cattle. The disease slashes milk production and may lead sterility in bulls and fertility problems in females.

It damages hides, and causes death due to secondary bacterial infections. Although traditionally limited to sub-Saharan Africa, LSD has slowly been invading new territories such as the Middle East and Turkey, and since , most of the Balkan countries, the Caucasus and the Russian Federation, where the disease continues to spread and the risk of an imminent incursion into other unaffected countries, is very high.

This manual aims to fill these gaps by providing veterinary professionals and paraprofessionals with the in formation they need to promptly diagnose and react to an outbreak of LSD.

Cattle farmers will also benefit from reading it. Every sector of the livestock industry, the associated services and the wellbeing of both animals and humans are influenced by animal feeding. The availability of accurate, reliable and reproducible analytical data is imperative for proper feed formulation. Only reliable analysis can lead to the generation of sound scientific data. This document gives a comprehensive account of good laboratory practices, quality assurance procedures and examples of standard operating procedures as used in individual specialist laboratories.

The adoption of these practices and procedures will assist laboratories in acquiring the recognition of competence required for certification or accreditation and will also enhance the quality of the data reported by feed analysis laboratories. In addition, ensuring good laboratory practices presented in the document will enhance the safety of the laboratory workers.

The document will be useful for laboratory analysts, laboratory managers, research students and teachers and it is hoped that it will enable workers in animal industry, including the aquaculture industry, to appreciate the importance of proven reliable data and the associated quality assurance approaches.

The highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 strain has spread from domestic poultry to a large number of species of free-ranging wild birds, including non-migratory birds and migratory birds that can travel thousands of kilometers each year.

The regular contact and interaction between poultry and wild birds has increased the urgency of understanding wild bird diseases and the transmission mechanisms that exist between the poultry and wild bird sectors, with a particular emphasis on avian influenza. Monitoring techniques, surveillance, habitat use and migration patterns are all important aspects of wildlife and disease ecology that need to be better understood to gain insights into disease transmission between these sectors.