Elements of new testament greek download

In fact certain verbs are always likely to govern a noun in the dative, because they naturally have an indirect object. However, English and Greek do not always match in this way. Therefore, if a word habitually governs a noun in a case other than the accusative this will be stated in the vocabulary lists and dictionary. They hear God. I believe the lord. I teach the word of God. They hear the son. We keep the law of heaven.

You speak to the crowd. Almost all of these words are masculine. We now need to learn how to decline the main family of feminine nouns, and the main family of neuter nouns. When we talk of masculine, feminine and neuter, this refers to a grammatical gender, which is a way of classifying nouns. See it in English Sometimes it will match what English speakers might think the Section 10 gender of the nouns should be, but sometimes it will not.

Chapter 8 contains more about the gender of nouns. Cases and gender 35 3. This is always true for neuter words. They normally take a singular verb. J I J Plural Nom. It also must agree in gender.

Cases and gender 37 3. However, in some nouns in the singular only, there are slight variations on this pattern. The vocative is used when addressing people. Do you love the lord? John 4. Cases and gender 39 Nom. It is the 3rd person pronoun. The English translation of each part of it is given below for ease. Masculine Feminine Neuter? See it in English Section 1. They see the slave. She keeps his child. Jesus loves their 3. Their church is seeking the glory of God. Paul teaches the household of the Lord.

Brothers and sisters, you pl. The children are throwing soil. Jesus receives the children. Paul, do you believe the angel of the Lord? We are making the bread of the temple. Do you see the sins of the heart? Section C From now on after each chapter a piece of the New Testament will be given for you to translate. These passages will be printed exactly as they appear in the New Testament.

Thus a the text will be accented look back at page 17 to understand why accents are ignored in this book but are present in printed copies of the New Testament ; b there may be words that you have not yet met — their meaning will be given in square brackets. Mark 1. John Master is nom. The case that a preposition governs when conveying a particular meaning needs to be learnt i.

However, in practice it is easier to think of the prepositions governing certain cases. However, while helpful to understand, these principles cannot be relied upon — the preposition and its case still needs to be learnt.

This might help you distinguish the meanings! This is explained further in Chapter 4, section 4. The meanings given above are the basic meanings, which will point you in the right direction when translating. The rules are as follows. I see it in her heart. Jesus is teaching the crowd outside the temple.

God loves the peoples under heaven. God speaks the law through angels. I was walking with a stick. I was hit by a stone. Instrument An instrument is an inanimate object by means of which the action of the verb happens. In Greek this is normally expressed by the instrument just occurring in the dative, without a preposition. I went with him. I was helped by her. Later on Chapter 6 identifying compound verbs becomes important.

For now, though, thinking about compound verbs helps build up your vocabulary. Similarly in Greek you cannot always deduce the meaning of a word from its parts. Therefore all that marks out the question is the question mark: e. We are departing towards the sea.

Do you s. The people in the boat are worshipping the Lord. Mary gathers the sisters and they seek the Lord with the brothers. The child dwells in the house of the Lord, and does not depart from it. The people do works on behalf of the children because of the love of Christ. Section C13 John 1. This means that the words have accents on them, and there will be some words that you have not met yet whose meaning is given in brackets.

See the explanation on page 6. What do you think it means here? The first heaven and the first earth departed. They add further description to a noun. In Greek they have to agree with the noun they are describing.

This is the same Adjective? This is where the adjective Adjectives must agree with defines more precisely an attribute of one of the noun they qualify in gender, case and number the nouns or pronouns in a sentence. This is the normal attributive use of the adjective. Word order When a noun is qualified by both the article and an attributive adjective, there are two possible word orders in Greek.

The first is the same as in English. They see the beautiful land. I seek a wicked life. She believes her own heart. The crowd seeks the only god. Noticing this may help you. In these sentences it is important to understand that the adjective Complement? Thus it needs Section 4 to agree with the noun in gender, case and number. However, Page such use of an adjective is different from the attributive use, because the adjective is not merely qualifying one of the nouns in the sentence — the whole point of the sentence is to make this description.

The adjective itself completes the sentence hence the adjective is called a complement. This use of the adjective is called the predicative use. Hint To tell the difference between the attributive and predicative use, try deleting the adjective from the sentence. If it still makes sense, the adjective was attributive. Word order Predicative adjectives follow a different word order from the attributive.

Again, there are two options, one being the same as in English. In these cases you need to put it back in supply it. It is normally easy to spot when this is necessary: a if the sentence does not appear to have a verb in it, one must have dropped out; b the adjective will be in the predicative position.

Is the gospel good or evil? The only God is in heaven. We are in the synagogue. A wicked crowd seeks signs. Is God dead? We are departing to our own houses. The Jewish sister is good. The adjective is just put with the article. The case of the adjective is then determined by its function in the sentence subject, object etc. Note that Greek uses the masculine as the default when referring to people in general.

Neuter Masc. Neuter Singular Nom. Adjectives 61 Examples Mark 1. The word that comes first carries more stress — thus i seems to be emphasising that it is God who is teaching the Jews, while ii emphasises that it is the Jews whom God is teaching.

In longer sentences, the final word also carries quite a lot of stress. However, the advantage of this construction is that it is clear which noun the descriptive phrase is going with. Nouns as complements We met earlier the idea of an adjective as a complement, noting Complement? See it in English Unsurprisingly, the complement can be a noun, instead of an adjective, e. Thus it is necessary to distinguish between the subject and any noun that is a complement, although both will be in the nominative.

Greek does this in the following way: Either the subject comes before the complement or the article is dropped from the complement. For the meaning of indeclinable see note 4 on page It uses the masculine endings when agreeing with a feminine noun, e.

The days are evil and evil people do evil things. Each one has his own house. Christ is head of the church. We are sons of men. The faithful Jews are teaching the law of peace. Does God have a new holy people? Section C Matthew John 7. Past etc. Hint Ignore the endings — look for the prefixes and suffixes 1. Time is just as in English — Past, Present or Future. Aspect needs more attention. Present If you want to express present time, there is no choice in Greek. You just use the Present tense, even though this can have two different aspects — undefined or process.

This is why we learnt earlier Chapter 2, section 2. Future If you want to express future time, there is no choice. You use the Future. Past: The Difference between the Imperfect and the Aorist If you want past time, there is a choice — the Imperfect carries the process aspect, and the Aorist the undefined aspect. The Aorist describes a past action without reference to continuance, repetition or completion, often but not always implying a single past action.

The Imperfect describes an action in the past that is viewed as a process. For example: Matt. The tenses 69 6. Present Future Imperfect Aorist 1st sing. I am untying I will untie I was untying I untied 2nd sing. You are You will You were You untied untying untie untying 3rd sing. He is He will He was He untied untying untie untying 1st pl. We are We will We were We untied untying untie untying 2nd pl.

You are You will You were You untied untying untie untying 3rd pl. I will see. She used to eat. He sent. They were hearing. You are throwing. I see. We are writing. They will believe. We used to take the boat. They believed God. The good master will set free the slaves.

I used to speak but now I will listen. The result is the same, but this seems to be an extra rule to remember. Watch out when an You can understand this by thinking of the augment is added to following four steps. Take off the preposition 2. Add the to the verb as normal take care if the verb begins with a vowel 3. Replace the preposition 4. Watch out for elision, since the preposition now precedes a vowel look back at the rules in Chapter 4, section 4.

The tenses 73 The augment behaves in the exactly the same fashion in the Aorist. A vowel at the beginning of a verb combines with the augment, while a vowel at the end of a preposition is normally destroyed by the augment.

This should not be seen as a special rule added to stem of a verb about the Future and Aorist of verbs; it is more ending in a consonant a matter of pronunciation. We will meet the same changes later on in certain nouns Chapter Now we will bless the Lord. He revealed his love when he wrote to her. They asked for signs and cried out with a loud voice to Jesus. We built a house beside the sea. The faithful ones worshipped Christ, and the evil ones were persecuting them.

Will the great temple exist again? He was preaching the good news and was baptizing the saints holy ones. Section C John 9. Since these are rare, they are left until Chapter Future Indicative 7. Open s. Teach pl. Untie pl.

However, it is often used just as it is in English. Examples Mark 3. Do you pl. It is necessary to love God. Seek pl. Do not walk s. Acts The frequent use of participles is one of the most characteristic features of Greek. The full scheme for participles is quite complicated, and so is left until Chapter However, we will learn one particular usage now that is particularly common in the New Testament.

Like adjectives: KEY GRAMMAR Participles must agree with For now, we will learn only the masculine the noun they qualify in nominative of the participle, because often in gender, case and number the New Testament participles are qualifying further describing masculine nouns in the nominative.

You will need to ensure they agree in number — singular or plural. Wooden translations Present participle untying Aorist participle having untied Idea The heart of understanding participles is that the participle is dependent upon a main verb Indicative, or possibly Imperative in the sentence. It expresses meaning in relation to that main verb, not absolutely.

Present Participle Simultaneous process — the action in the participle is a process going on at the same time as the action in the main verb. Aorist Participle Sequence — the action in the participle occurred before the action in the main verb. Mark 6. Indicative verb the word object. The participle introduces a subordinate clause. Since participles are verbal adjectives, unsurprisingly the same can be done with participles.

The aim is to convey the meaning in good English. Moods 89 Exercises Section A 1. He was telling a parable concerning joy. Do not lead blind animals up into the temple. Are you pl. People do not seek death. A man bound Paul, but an angel released him. Can you work out what they are?

In your translation use the imperative. Lord, open the eyes of the blind. They are about to bear witness concerning the righteousness of Christ. Section C 1 John 3. However, there are two other groups. The other group, the deponent verbs, needs to be learnt now. Many of the deponent verbs are intransitive verbs, that is they cannot have objects e. I go , but there are so many exceptions that this is not a useful guide.

The form of a verb in a vocabulary list or dictionary reveals whether the verb is deponent, since verbs are always quoted in their 1st person singular Present Indicative. This is potentially confusing because it could imply that it is possible for a deponent verb to be put into the Active Voice rather than the Middle Voice, which is not true. Later in Chapter 15 we will need to use the terminology of Middle and Active Voices. When parsing e.

Present — the former is technically better, though the second more helpful. The Pharisees began to work. They were greeting the wicked. I will refuse to keep the law. It is necessary to go into the temple. Unfortunately, most of its forms are irregular, and so also need to be learnt specially. The children were alone. The slaves will be dead. Being Jewish, we wish to enter the 4. Jesus was proclaiming the way. The prophets were not holy. Other patterns of nouns and verbs 99 9.

Elijah was a great prophet. They were going away from the synagogue when we were going in. Barnabas and Paul were proclaiming good news on the road from Jerusalem with the faithful disciples. John was a brother and disciple. The soldiers of Herod are passing on the road. Because of Herod, Joseph and Mary were going along the sea on the road to Egypt with the child Jesus.

Section C Mark 4. However, there is a Section 1. The rule is that it matches the second vowel the one in the ending.

This is relatively easy, but watch for the forms without the. Although this sounds complicated, it is exactly the same as English pronoun — this is boring; adjective — this book is boring. Their use as adjectives is almost as simple, but two points need to be learnt. This is confusing, because English uses the same words e.

It is used in the same way as a normal adjective, i. It is used exactly as one would expect note: because of its meaning, it can never appear in the nominative.

Examples Mark 4. We are praying to the same God. Peter himself denied Jesus. They began to listen after this. Those demons were evil. Plural Sing. Plural Nom. Examples Gal. Pronouns and conjunctions 9. Examples John Save yourself! I will proclaim your pl. There are equivalent words in Greek and so translation is quite straightforward.

However, there are four points to note. In these cases, a contrast between two things is being stressed. Examples Mark 2. Acts 1. Therefore we will seek the lord. The breathing on the vowel in the middle of the word highlights that crasis has taken place.

This is my commandment: Have love for one another, because you are my disciples. I am the bread of life. The whole earth exists for his glory, so we bless him and give thanks. If I cast out demons by the authority of God, the reign of God is upon you pl. On the one hand, you come together with one another, on the other hand, you persecute one another.

Luke 7. Luke 6. However, because the function of the relative is to join together into one sentence what could be two sentences, you do?

Chapters 2, 3 and 4. In particular: See it in English Section 1. You need to be clear which verb is going with which subject. The lord sent the messenger. The messenger saw the sea. One complex sentence: The lord sent the messenger who saw the sea. When this is written in Greek, it is vital to be aware that: — there are still two basic sentences here e. One complex sentence: They are keeping the law which he teaches.

Two basic sentences: 1. They are keeping the law. He teaches the law. Hint — The antecedent will come in the first sentence. Which word is the antecedent of the relative in these sentences? Jesus threw out the demon which was in the man.

I am the man whom you are seeking. Complex sentences 3. She ate the meal which the king sent. Is this the Messiah for whom we are waiting? The governor sent the soldiers who arrested Jesus. To highlight this in the table below, the article is declined in the white columns next to the corresponding part of the relative.

Replace the rough breathing with a and you will have the corresponding part of the article which, hopefully, you will be able to recognise. Context will normally make clear which is meant. However, accents can help here, since the relative always has an accent normally grave , while the article almost never does. English also does this, but not as often as in Greek. Examples John 6. He keeps the bread which he made. It is necessary to love the God who saves us.

Did the disciple who denied Jesus repent? Thus 1 Cor 7. Greek does this in a very compact and straightforward way. When they are question words there will also be a question mark, of course. For example John 4. The former is said to be direct speech or a direct statement, the latter indirect speech or an indirect statement. I thought that he was the Christ. The word B is used to introduce the direct statement thus the B is equivalent to the opening inverted commas or speech marks in English.

Nothing marks out the beginning of the direct statement. In most printed texts the beginning of a direct statement is also marked out with a capital letter. However, early manuscripts were written completely in capitals, and so this marking out of direct statements merely expresses the opinion of the editors of your printed text and is not part of the text itself but to begin with, it is sensible to assume they are right! She heard that Jesus was coming. If indirect, which Greek tense would be used in the indirect statement?

The centurion says that he is going. The women said that he had been blind. The soldiers thought that they saw him. Complex sentences 5. Then they cried out that he was coming. In a time expression acc. In a time expression gen. In a time expression dat. They came on the Sabbath. Three days he was in the tomb. He fasted for forty days.

At dawn the stone moved. Nicodemus came by night. He was arrested during Passover. Pilate was sleeping on the other side of the sea of Galilee. But what I wrote to you, I bear witness in the presence of God. Do not be amazed because of this, because an hour is coming in which the dead will hear his voice. Section B 1.

During the Sabbath the brothers were sleeping but the sisters were giving thanks to God. You have done these things well; go in peace. Pilate was amazed because that man did nothing evil but healed many.

Luke 4. In the 2nd Aorist, verbs use different stems. The 2nd Aorist has the same It is crucial to realise that the 1st Aorist and the meaning as the 1st Aorist nd 2 Aorist are simply different ways of forming A verb will have either a 1st the Aorist — they are not two different tenses. This is confusing because neither is stronger nor weaker than the other.

The form is different, but the meaning is the same. There is no rule for determining which pattern a given word follows. When learning English you simply have to learn which verbs form their Past tense by changing their stem, and learn what their stem changes to.

You know that all the other verbs will form their Past tense by adding —ed. All of the points are also true of the Greek 1st and 2nd Aorists. English Greek There is a standard form of the Past tense Most verbs have a 1st Aorist Certain words follow a different pattern Some verbs have a 2nd Aorist Very few words can follow both patterns No verb has a 1st and a 2nd Aorist The normal pattern forms the Past tense 1st Aorists are formed by by adding —ed to the stem adding to the stem The other group forms the Past 2nd Aorists are formed tense by changing the stem by changing their stem Special verbs Stems Unfortunately, there is no way of working out what the changed stem will be.

You have to learn the changed stems of the verbs which have a 2nd Aorist. These are listed here and It is impossible to spot a 2nd Aorist in the grammar reference pages on unless you recognise the 2nd Aorist stem Learn them!

These verbs are quite rare and so will not be dealt with until Chapter However, as in the 1st Aorist, the augment is removed in the other moods. You need to be aware that the forms listed above included the augments. A list of the more confusing unaugmented forms is given on page Endings In the other moods, the 2nd Aorist can look like a Present just as, in the Indicative, it can look like the Imperfect. These verbs also have irregularities in the other tenses see Chapter 18, section This makes no difference to the meaning.

The prophets spoke. I loved the son. I want to see the sea. When I found it, I took it. Luke Also there are slight changes in the stem. However, this is not because they form a new class of verbs.

What is happening is that for both the Aorist and the Future a is added to the stem. However, these are the common ones, and the rest behave similarly. Special verbs e. In these A liquid verb has a circumflex cases the accent can be helpful. They will announce. Raise s. He killed her.

Exercises Section A 1. And he went up into the boat with them and they fled. After this he went down to Galilee, and Mary and his brothers and his disciples, and they remained there for not many days. Behold, the son of man will send his angels. That word which I spoke will judge him on the day of the Lord. Special verbs 2. And the disciples of John came and took away the dead man. Having received him they killed him and cast him outside. We will eat with one another now.

It happened that a sheep fled. Therefore the son left the others and found it. Section C Revelation 1. See note 7 page This is explained in Chapter 18, section The traditional terminology divides this group into 1st and 2nd declension nouns see Chapter 8, section 8. In this family you can work out the stem from the nominative, and then add the endings to it. We now need to learn the other family of nouns, adjectives and pronouns known as the 3rd declension.

Indeed, the beauty of the 3rd declension is its ability to cope with words whatever their nominative. These features are true of all the 3rd declension family. In this chapter we shall learn the standard 3rd declension words those with consonants at the end of their stems. Chapter 13 covers those with stems ending in vowels. Therefore, in a vocabulary, a 3rd declension word is always quoted with the appropriate form of the nom.

Hence it declines as follows: Singular Plural Nom. Then, as happens with verbs Chapter 6, section 6. Identical to nom. The dative plural follows the same rules as in the masculine and feminine. Therefore, it declines as follows: Singular Plural Nom. He loves two women. I have big feet.

They saw the light. The third declension — Part 1 They have a single stem, but both of their nom. The most common adjectives of this form are the comparatives e. Both can also be used as adjectives, when they must agree with their nouns. The third declension — Part 1 Examples Mark 2. Mark 8. Mark You just need to start with an open mind. Accents The full rules of accentation are complicated. Why are you s. To whom did you pl. Some prophets are calling.

What law do you pl. But in the Lord neither is a wife separate from a husband nor a husband separate from a wife. Grace to you pl. Just as he spoke through the mouth of his holy prophets, he will do this.

Now hope and love remain, and we wish to have more. The wife does not have authority over [of ] her own body, but likewise the husband also does not have authority over his own body but the wife [does]. In this chapter we look at several groups of words that exhibit some variations from the standard pattern. These are all feminine and frequently describe abstract nouns e. They are not particularly common, and most of their forms are close enough to either the 1st and 2nd or the 3rd declension endings in the appropriate case and number for you to be able normally to guess them correctly!

However, these are not new endings, but the normal 3rd declension endings hidden by rather predictable contractions. Form Process of getting there Singular Nom. Because of his mercy God rescues us. Once we lived under judgement. Faith found its true goal. But in the 3rd declension there are no separate feminine endings, so it borrows the only ones available — those of the 1st declension. Masculine Feminine Neuter 3rd decl. However, the pattern is important because half of the participles in Greek also follow it.

The third declension — Part 2 have only used participles in the nom. This is to be expected: in the 3rd declension the nom. Masculine Feminine Neuter Nom. If it is negative i. That is, in Greek two negatives make a negative, not as in English where two negatives make a positive e. The third declension — Part 2 Examples Mark And he will be king over4 the house of Jacob forever5, and of his kingdom there will not be an end. Greek sometimes uses a Present tense when relating a story in the past.

It is very common in the gospels. Some go out into resurrection of life, but others to a resurrection of judgement. Our nation has knowledge about the blind and the weak. He received from his father his part of their property. You are all members of the body of Christ. Example 2 Luke 7. It is also in the acc. Again it is masc. Thus we have two participles in the accusative, further describing the object of the main verb.

He did not just see an angel, but an angel ascending. Example 4 Mark 1. The person seeing is the same person as the one going alongside the sea. Simon and Andrew are the ones casting in the sea. It is only by identifying the case and gender and number of the participle that we can identify which noun in the sentence it is qualifying.

Hint There are two steps in forming a participle. When faced with a Greek participle, think about this sequence: 1. Which of the basic forms is it from? Which particular instance of that form is it? Neuter Nom. Wooden translations Present participle untying Aorist participle having untied Idea The heart of understanding participles is that the participle is dependent on a main verb Indicative, or possibly Imperative in the sentence.

Aorist participle Sequence — the action in the participle occurred before the action in the main verb. In Aorist participle Sequence the sentences marked 1 below, the participle is in the nominative qualifying the subject. Of course, the participle could qualify something other than an object: E. However, the absolute time is revealed by the main verb. Participles Hint Successive Aorist participles are often best translated by a number of main verbs in English e.

Mark 5. Jesus greeted the approaching crowd. When she saw she believed. The Pharisee taught the Jews who were listening. Greek, like Old English, used the masculine forms generically for a person. Causal: Matt. But Joseph her husband, because he was lit: being righteous. Concessive: Rom. Instrumental: 1 Tim. I saw the ones carrying the sick man. Depart and preach the gospel. For the Father has subjected all things under the feet of the Son.

That stone has the image of Caesar, not of some Greek. What therefore will the lord of the vineyard do? The ears of the sinners do not hear the seed which the sower sows. Judgement begins with8 the household of God. The elder prayed for James, and the lord, having heard, had mercy. Touching the sinner, the one serving the Father in heaven healed her ears. Section C Mark 1. Luke 2. In these sentences the verbs underlined are in the Passive as opposed to the Active.

However, in both English and Greek you can have passive sentences, in which the subject of the sentence is acted upon. Active: Jesus heals the leper. Passive: The leper is healed. A passive sentence does not indicate who did the action. See Chapter 4, section 4. As we learnt in Chapter 8, section 8. The Middle Voice will be discussed further later. For now, it is important to see that in both the Passive and Middle there is the whole range of moods and tenses that there is in the Active.

The same pattern held when we met the Middle deponent verses in Chapter 8. However, it can be helpful to see the basic English equivalents compare Chapter 6, section 6. Indicative Present I am being untied, you are being untied,.

Future I will be untied, you will be untied,. Since , C. The original work by H. Nunn was succeeded in by J. Wenham's book of the same title and Jeremy Duff's new edition advances a long-established tradition into the twenty-first century. Lessons are organized so the most important aspects of Greek are learned as well as the most commonly occurring words in the New Testament.

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